Marital Conflicts and the Resolutions

Our marriage is in one of the most critical moments of our lives; in fact it is between a rock and a hard place. It has now been six years since we got married in one of the most colorful church weddings I have ever witnessed.It is not that we have not gone through some minor conflicts previously, but at least we were able to resolve them immediately by counselors, friends, our pastors and ourselves.The previous disagreements had to do with our monthly spending, pressure from our parents, time to arrive home and our choice of friends among other issues. At present, things have escalated from being bad to worse, with no signs of a possible solution at the horizon.Before we got married, I had vividly known that my fiancà ©e at that time was a committed Seventh Day Adventist though I am a member of the Assemblies of God Church, an evangelical group of the Protestant church.Our parents, friends and the best couple had asked us if we foresaw any future collision since our churchesâ€℠¢ doctrines were different; our answer then was a big no. We believed that our love for each other would conquer any disputes that would arise in our marriage.My wife’s father is a very staunch Adventist; in fact, one of the senior elders at the local church and had never had the thought that any of his five children would ever desert the church which he helped found; an action that made him become respected in the entire locality. My wife loves his father so much and thus has no intent of betraying him.Being an evangelical, a born again Christian and the head of my family, I am not comfortable with the idea of having a divided family with my wife attending church on Saturday making her not attend to her domestic and marital duties from six in the morning to six in the evening (according to their beliefs). On the other hand, I attend church services on Sundays and other fellowships on the weekdays.The conflict is arising from the fact that we do not agree in very many issues that pertain to the different doctrines that the two groups advocate for. My wife does not eat pork or any related products; she does not take either tea or coffee for to her both are drugs, classifying them in the same group with tobacco or marijuana.My wife and I are both civil servants, my wife working with the department of Education and I as an army officer though at the moment I am on the study leave enrolled in the University in an undergraduate program.We have two daughters, Shari and Shako aged five and three respectively. It is our obligation as parents to bring them up in a way that is honorable so that they can become great members of the society. What makes me uncomfortable about our religious differences is because our little children look confused (especially the elder one). Sometimes they go to church on Saturdays and on Sundays; to their mother’s and father’s churches respectively.The older daughter has severally asked me why I do not go to their mothe r’s church and she has, I suppose, asked her mum a similar question. She has made me understand that her friends usually go to church with their both parents and looking at her anxious face, it is obvious that she will be very happy if we would start doing the same.My greatest desire is for us to attend the same church for the sake of our unity and our children. Since I have never thought of myself becoming an Adventist and have always regarded myself incompatible with their doctrines (that I find very conservative) and because our church is a bit liberal, I have severally suggested that we choose a neutral church where we would all be attending together with our children but she has categorically stated that this would only happen â€Å"over her dead body†. This definitely explains why I am a stressed man.

Lone Bather

The narrator described a boy who wished or longed to become a great swimmer. His bed became his pool. As he jumped to his bed, he feels like he was the greatest swimmer ever. He became a dolphin with a shoal using his thigh and flexible body. His imagination turned into reality as he closes his eyes and thinks of a swimming paradise. However, a dream is always a dream. The boy went back to reality as he heard someone threw a stone in his window. The first stanza of the poem seemed to be difficult because it shows abundant signs and symbolisms that readers could not thoroughly understand the topic of the poem or the attack of the author to the aspect of creativity and imagination. The most difficult part in this stanza is the first three lines – Upon the ecstatic diving board the diver, / poise for parabolas, let’s go / let’s go his manshape to become a bird. In the first read, I can say that I could not understand the scenario of the poem because of the complexities of the diving board for water and bird for air but after reading it many times, it simply represents the depiction of the boy imagining himself as a diver with a high jump like a bird before coming to the water pool. On the other hand, my favorite passage in this poem is in the second stanza – He rolls in his heap of fruit, / he slides his belly over / the melonrinds of water, curved and smooth and green. For me it illustrates the childish act of the boy as he imagines himself as a diver in a deep pool. His flexible body and astonishing moves give me an idea about the conviction of the boy to become a swimmer or it can also be seen as a frustration of thought as he wanted to pursue his dream. Work Cited Lone Bather. p.44

Managing Communication Knowledge and Information â€

Managing communication knowledge and information – Unit 16 By MD YUSUF HND business level 5, Year 2012-13, Student No- cc00111 Introduction: – Market research is very essential whether you want to enter the market with a new product, increase the market base of an existing product or give  a unique offering to your customers. Every target group becoming smarter day by day, and word of mouth becoming stronger through social networks, Market research now very important which helps you make the right decisions. Why Market ResearchMarket Research provides the right direction such that your customer base is satisfied with you and you get to know which plans and features need to be adopted to retain or expand on the customer base. . â€Å"Market research is the systematic collection of information on existing and exponential markets for analysis and subsequent action† (William G. Zikmund, 2009). Now to actually understand Market research, you need to understand this statement accurately. Market research consists of two separate types of research that can be categorized as secondary and primary research.Secondary research consists of collecting already published data to create a â€Å"company database† that may serve to perform situation analysis. It helps to identify the company's competitors, perform a strategy for benchmarking and also determine the segments the company should target in view of factors such as demographics, population, usage rate, life style and behavioural patterns. The purpose of marketing research is to improve marketing and business decision making (Kolb, 2008).Recognize and define how primary and secondary information relating to products and service levels improve marketing decisions related to price, physical and virtual communications, distribution, and segmentation strategy and tactics. There are many categories of research design, such as exploratory versus quantitative, primary versus secondary, and experime ntal versus non-experimental. This module compares and contrasts alternative approaches, and discusses when each is appropriate.Primary research serves to provide information through monitoring sales levels and measuring effectiveness of existing business practices like service quality and tools for communication being used by the company. It carefully follows competitor plans to gather information on market competition. Both primary and secondary researches are essential to fulfil the company's objectives. Data Collection Methods:- Data collection methods for marketing research are divided into quantitative and qualitative methods.Quantitative studies use mathematical analysis, which can disclose differences that are statistically significant. The sample size used is quite large. Qualitative methods are used to provide a base for quantitative research and help in quantitative research design development. They target problem defining, generating hypotheses and identifying determinan ts. They consist of one to one interviews to probe for personal opinions, beliefs and values and serve to uncover hidden issues. The sample size in this method is small.The fact is that you can't have a successful company without having the right data about customers, products and the market in general. Market research is an essential management tool for a viable business plan enabling any company to survive and thrive in today's fiercely competitive market conditions. Examination of the information and knowledge of the market Many organizations are now more customer-focused and use knowledge-based  strategies to reach out to their customers. This is particularly so in knowledge-intensive industries such as the biotechnology and the engineering industries.Marketing Guru Peter Drucker , views marketing as a philosophy or way of doing business and in its importance in focusing on the customer (Drucker, 2007) Knowledge exploration focuses on the detection and acquisition of new wisdo m, while knowledge exploitation emphasizes the utilization of existing wisdom Developing the ability to understand different types of knowledge, maintain knowledge according to its different nature, and select an effective way to leverage each type of knowledge is paramount to the exploitation process.According to Kleiner (Kleiner, 2003) People must have a positive disposition to new knowledge if knowledge is to become effectively integrated in the firm’s operations. This positive attitude involves employees being intellectually curious, willing to explore new ideas, considering possible adoption of such new ideas, and, most importantly, managers encouraging employees to contribute their new ideas without fear of repercussions. Employees  are likely to have skills and experience to use market. Internal and external source of information and their usefulness Business data and information comes from multiple sources.The challenge for a business is to capture and use informati on that is relevant and reliable (Cook, 1997). The main sources are: Internal Information Accounting records are a prime source of internal information. They detail the transactions of the business in the past – which may be used as the basis for planning for the future (e. g. preparing a financial budget or forecast). The accounting records are primarily used to record what happens to the financial resources of a business. For example, how cash is obtained and spent; what assets are acquired; what profits or losses are made on the activities of the business.However, accounting records can provide much more than financial information. For example, details of the products manufactured and delivered from a factory can provide useful information about whether quality standards are being met. Data analysed from customer sales invoices provides a profile of what and to whom products are being sold. A lot of internal information is connected to accounting systems – but is no t directly part of them. External Information As the term implies, this is information that is obtained from outside the business.There are several categories of external information: – Information relating to way a business should undertake its activities businesses need to keep records so that they can collect taxes on behalf of the government. So a business needs to obtain regular information about the taxation system (e. g. PAYE, V AT, corporation Tax) and what actions it needs to take. Increasingly this kind of information (and the return forms a business needs to send) is provided in digital format. Similarly, a business needs to be aware of key legal areas (e. g. environmental legislation; health & safety regulation; employmentlaw).There is a whole publishing industry devoted to selling this kind of information to businesses. – Information about the markets in which a business operates This kind of external information is critically important to a business. It i s often referred to as â€Å"market† or â€Å"competitive intelligence†. Most of the external information that a business needs can be obtained from marketing research. Marketing research can help a business do one or more of the following:Firstly, Gain a more detailed understanding of consumers’ needs – marketing research can help firms to discover consumers’ opinions on a huge range of issues, e. . , views on products’ prices, packaging, recent advertising campaignsSecondly, Reduce the risk of product/business failure – there is no guarantee that any new idea will be a commercial success, but accurate and up-to-date information on the market can help a business make informed decisions, hopefully leading to products that consumers want insufficient numbers to achieve commercial success. Thirdly, Forecast future trends – marketing research can not only provide information regarding the current state of the market but it can als o be used to anticipate customer needs future customer needs.Firms can then make the necessary adjustments to their product portfolios and levels of output in order to remain successful. The information for marketing research tends to come from three main sources: Internal Company Information – e. g. sales, orders, customer profiles, stocks, customer service reports marketing intelligence – this is a catch-all term to include all the everyday information about developments in the market that helps a business prepare and adjust its marketing plans. It can be obtained from many sources, including suppliers, customers and distributors.It is also possible to buy intelligence information from outside suppliers who will produce commercial intelligence reports that can be sold profitably to any interested organisation. Some guidance to improve the process of information collectingData quality is essential to businesses in prospecting and retention efforts. Without accurate da ta, companies struggle to execute successful marketing campaigns or fulfil customer expectations. Despite the importance of accurate data, a recent Experian QAS study (Experian QAS, 2013) revealed that 51 present of businesses do not have a data quality strategy.Five recommendation   can improve contact data quality along with suggestions for measuring and tracking ROI. Recommendation 1:- Track mail deliverability. Personalized communications, through email or direct mail, drive a significant percentage of marketing efforts. These channels have evolved to facilitate truly relevant and customized messaging. Recommendation 2: Verify information before database entry. Correcting contact information is always easier when the client is engaged. This engagement can occur through a Web form, a telephone call or even a live online chat.Ideally, data verification software tools will prompt either the staff representative or the audience member to complete missing contact details and will t hen format the address to comply with USPS or email standards. Recommendation 3: Understand organizational data and how it got there. It is important for businesses to fully understand the information contained in their database in order to improve operations and communications. This will provide insight into data quality challenges and allow managers to better select solutions that get to the root of their troubles.Recommendation 4: Appoint multiple data quality managers. Data management is a multifaceted strategy that should be shared by all employees who capture access, manipulate and update records. Whether better data translates into more effective prospect on-site meetings, lead nurturing campaigns, customer implementations, product deliveries or other mail communications, the business benefits of promoting data quality are shared throughout all departments. Recommendation 5: Schedule regular database check-ups. Individuals and businesses have become mobile in today’s e conomic and social environment.Consider how quickly data expires within a given audience. A complete data quality strategy calls for regular database checkups on top of data capture best practices. To ensure contact data integrity, supplement real-time verificationefforts with regular bulk processing. stakeholder : who are related with us. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives and policies. Some examples of key stakeholders are creditors, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources.All stakeholders are not equal. A company's customers are entitled to fair trading practices but they are not entitled to the same consideration as the company's employees. An example of a negative impact on stakeholders is when a company needs to cut costs and plans a round of layoffs. This negatively affects the community of workers in the area and t herefore the localeconomy. Someone owning shares in a business such as Microsoft is positively affected, for example, when the company releases a new device and sees their profit and therefore stock price rise.Stake holder strategy: – some important conceptAt first, Identify the most important stakeholders: your customers, investors, suppliers, employees and members of your community. Secondly, create an open door policy to discover information and facilitate sharing. Invite comments and questions, send out surveys or hold focus groups to determine their needs and define the issues that matter most to them. Gather and update contact information on your stakeholders, too. Thirdly, Interact with stakeholders using appropriate communication channels.If they have a reference for email, use email to contact them. Train key spokespeople on how to deal with the media when answering questions on sensitive issues. Fourthly, Address stakeholder needs and issues in your communications t o them. Respond thoughtfully and honestly. Acknowledge significant problems, clarify and interpret any issues that may arise to reduce potential conflict. Fifthly, Provide a consistent message that â€Å"constantly refers to corporate ethics and values,† according to PR-inside. Reinforce your reputation and your brand in the minds of stakeholders through this messaging.Enhancing knowledge about the market Frank Drake is using informal way of business communication. Effective communication occurs when a message is completely understood by its recipient. Communication encompasses most areas of life. It is used in both official and personal relationships. Communication is intended to inform, persuade or inspire the listener. Some advantages of effective communication are it provides direction, clarity and purpose. Effective communication does have its drawbacks, however, as when it's used to persuade someone in a manipulative way and when it limits feedback.The advantages of ora l channels of communication :- They are fast – useful for obtaining very recent unpublished information, they are based on two-way communication and therefore promote an understanding of the real information need(s)  and the communication of  relevant  information, they are flexible, they are simplify and facilitate the transmission of information between people working in different subject areas (useful in interdisciplinary studies) and finally they are easy and pleasant to use The disadvantages of oral channels of communication:-They are not open to everyone – established researchers have access to good networks of contacts, but these usually take time to cultivate, they can lead to misconceptions because the information is sometimes incomplete (lack of detail etc. ), They are difficult to maintain and therefore unstable, it can also lead to misunderstanding ,as oral promises do not lend anywhere. On the other hand, as a human nature one can make mistake in spe lling something different which can sometimes leads to major mistake Communication system Official formal business communication is a strategic exchange of information that supports a clear agenda.This information is traditionally considered as in-house method of communication, but can include structured interactions with people and entities outside the organisation (Mary Ellen Guffey, 2010). Formal communication can also trigger informal interactions. For example, a chief officer may schedule a tour or town hall meeting where a free flow of comments on topics of discussion are encouraged. However, these can lead to personal interactions, stories and ideas that were not on the original agenda. System steps Step one, Frank need to find a mentor who exhibits the ability to communicate well at his company .Soon after he hired, ask him to share what he did to communicate well. Finally, ask that he keep track of your progress and give you pointers on how you can improve. As he becomes a â€Å"seasoned employee† who is on the rise, volunteer to become a mentor to someone who has just been hired. Step two:- Improve your ability to listen, and you are halfway to being a good business communicator. You may think that you listen well, but the chances are you are actually figuring out what you should say next. Ask good questions, and then listen well to the answers.You are likely to break through someone's â€Å"hidden agenda† and learn what is really important to her. Above all, remember there is often a difference between what someone may say and the opinions she might actually have. Step three:- Practice  your business  communications skills as frequently as you can. Start by writing memos and emails. Always write your findings, recommendations and other requirements of your job, even though you normally offer them face-to-face. Step four :-When you attend a meeting, be sure your presence is felt by the questions or answers you give. If necessary, fo rce yourself to do this until it becomes second nature.When you are asked to present your views to a group, prepare a formalized presentation then practice it beforehand. Increased familiarity will ease presenting to a group. Step five :-Take communications courses that your company may offer, or request permission to attend sessions by Dale Carnegie Corporation or something similar. Also, learn how to address an audience by becoming a member of Toastmasters International, an organization with chapters across the country. Improving your personal communication skill There are hundreds of footsteps that you can take to improve on your interpersonal communication skills.These skills are otherwise known as people skills and they make a huge difference in the number and quality of the friends that you have. Improving your interpersonal communication can mean the difference between making lifelong friendships or just having an over abundance of acquaintances. Have to be Honest:  People do not like someone who is a liar or someone who seems fake. Many people can tell if a person is acting in a way that is not real to them and this makes others feel the need to hide from you the same way. Do not act like someone that you are not just to gain the friendship of that person.Being honest is a people skill that true friends recognize as a trait that should be cherished. It does no good to tell lies as this type of interpersonal communication is insincere and is respectful to the other person. Honesty is the key to relationship and without it the relationship is nothing more than a sham. Don’t Criticize:  To criticize someone is to act as though you are inherently better than that person. You should go into any relationship with the thought that you are no better than the next person-because you aren't! You may do some things better than the other person, but they likely do some things better than you.A great people skill to have is the ability to recognize your strengths and weaknesses and those of the people around you without criticizing the other person. If you can do this then you can win more friends just for being compassionate enough to realize that you may do something better but you do not blurt that something out just for attention. Must listen to People:   This skill is very important for interpersonal communication success. To listen to someone means not just to hear what they are saying but to actually consider what they are saying and find something hat you can agree with. Do not just instantly decide that you disagree and then stop listening. Pay attention to the other person and think about what they are saying. Find a way that you can relate to their thoughts even if you don't fully agree with them. Know the matter:  Asking questions is a nonverbal communication technique that everyone should consider. This technique is useful to you and it makes the other person feel like you actually care. You should care enough to a sk questions that relate to a conversation so that you can continue a conversation.Admission:  Admit when you are wrong! If you are wrong and you know it or it has been proven, then admit to it gracefully. Do not make a big deal about it, we are all wrong at some point in our lives. It is how we admit our mistakes that make us more friendship oriented. Nobody likes someone who is arrogant and cannot admit a simple wrongdoing. If the other person is right, let them know that you realize that. Do not just bask in the fact that you do not want them to know. They deserve to know the same way that you deserve to know when you are right.This admission or right and wrong become a balance of respect and understanding between two friends and is a very important part of interpersonal communication. Information StrategiesKnowledge may be accessed at three stages: before, during, or after KM-related activities. Different organizations have tried various knowledge capture incentives, including making content submissionmandatory and incorporating rewards into performance measurement plans. Considerable controversy exists over whether incentives work or not in this field and no consensus has emerged. One strategy to KM involves actively managing knowledge (push strategy).In such an instance, individuals strive to explicitly encode their knowledge into a shared knowledge repository, such as adatabase, as well as retrieving knowledge they need that other individuals have provided to the repository knowledge management strategies and instruments for companies include:rewards (as a means of motivating for knowledge sharing),storytelling (as a means of transferring tacit knowledge),cross-project learning, after action reviews, knowledge mapping (a map of knowledge repositories within a company, accessible by all),communities of practice expert directories (to enable knowledge seeker to reach to the experts),best practice transfer, knowledge fairs, competence management (systema tic evaluation and planning of competences of individual rganization members),proximity ; architecture (the physical situation of employees can beeither conducive or obstructive to knowledge sharing). Not only those but also master-apprentice relationship, collaborative technologies (groupware, etc. ), social software (wikis, social bookmarking, blogs, etc. ), Inter-project knowledge transfer is also important factor for information strategythese knowledge management have the advantage of using the organization existing informationtechnology infrastructure. Organizations and business decision makers spend a great deal of resources and make significant investments in the latest technology, systems and infrastructure to support knowledge management.It is imperative that these investments are validated properly, made wisely and that the most appropriate technologies and software tools are selected or combined to facilitate knowledge management. Conclusion: Research management has also become a cornerstone in emerging business strategies such as Service Lifecycle Management with companies increasingly turning to software vendors to enhance their efficiency in industries including, but not limited to, the aviation industry. So it is important to Frank Drake to do research and use the data to make the best action for their business References Experian QAS. (2013, 01 10). Retrieved 02 15, 2013, from product data services: http://www. qas. co. k/products/index. htm? tid=1;tdet=qas;gclid=CPu3zMbR0bUCFfLLtAodakcAag Cook, H. E. (1997). Product Management: Value, quality, cost, price, profit and organization. Cambridge: Springer, . Drucker, P. F. (2007). The Effective Executive. Mumbai: Elsevierworldwide. Kleiner, E. (2003). The Successful Business Plan: Secrets ; Strategies. oxford: The Planning Shop. Kolb, B. (2008). Marketing Research: A Practical Approach. london: SAGE publisher. Mary Ellen Guffey, D. L. (2010). Business Communication: Process ; Product. boston: Cenga ge Learning. William G. Zikmund, B. J. (2009). Essentials of Marketing Research. oxford: Cengage Learning.

Law - Juvenile Delinquents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law - Juvenile Delinquents - Essay Example In 2008, 180,100 juvenile arrests were made in relation to drug violations, which consisted of 15 percent of total juvenile arrests that year (Puzzanchera, 2009). These statistics further highlight that this is a seven percent reduction in drug-related arrests between 2007 and 2008. At the same time, drug violation arrests represented 11 percent of total juvenile arrests. The majority of drug-related arrests consisted of male violators compared to females. In 1994, drug violations with male offenders suddenly spiked, but have remained relatively steady since 2002 with only marginal declines year-on-year. For female violators, drug abuse arrests have also remained essentially steady since 1997, after a sudden spike in arrests around 1993, with marginal decreases year-by-year. In 2008, the states of Illinois, Maryland, and Wyoming maintained the highest arrest rates in the country (Puzzanchera, 2009). In relation to assault arrests, the volume of juvenile arrest for simple assaults rec ognized no increase or decrease from 2007 (Puzzanchera, 2009). ... For males, per 100,000 arrests, simple assault arrests were approximately totaled approximately 900. Despite male declines from 1999, 2008’s arrest records illustrate that simple assaults are dominated by male juvenile offenders. In relation to total 2008 arrests, males more than females were the most prominent offenders in all categories of violations, with 70 percent male and 30 percent female. Robbery and murder were dominated by blacks in relation to arrests made for whites and other ethnic groups for these violations. The Violent Crime Index indicates that blacks juvenile arrests were 500 percent of white juvenile arrests from 2004-2008. This has significant implications for the black ethnic group as the entire juvenile population in America in 2008 consisted of 78 percent white and only 16 percent black. Asian/Pacific Islanders made up only five percent of the juvenile population in 2008, while American Indians represented only a marginal one percent of the population. W ith these extreme ratios of approximately 5:1 for violent crime arrests between blacks and whites respectively, this indicates a potential justice abiding problem or social problem with the black population that only makes up 16 percent of the total 2008 juvenile population. Female robbery arrest rates increased 51 percent from 2002 to 2008. At the same time, the female aggravated assault arrest rates increased 80 percent from 1980 to 2008, though this was a 17 percent drop from 1999 to 2008. Larceny-theft, considered a violent crime by the Department of Justice, showed marked increases in female juvenile offenders of four percent, while male juvenile counterparts showed a large 29 percent decrease between 1999 and 2008.

Personal Development, Self-Management and Reflection Essay - 1

Personal Development, Self-Management and Reflection - Essay Example physical, attitudinal, and structural barriers) as well as the components of a more successful process of learning (e.g. time management, acquiring relevant information). Thus, realizations regarding one’s personal and professional aspects are highlighted. Introduction Personal and professional development is an important concept that significantly involves the growth and advancements of an individual. This suggests that every person has an untapped potential and should be able to get more out of life through learning and growing. Setting measurable goals, overcoming negativity and failures, learning from experiences, and becoming better individuals along the way greatly contribute to their growth and development. People have relied on their unique personal characteristics, particularly their strong points and competencies, to gain advancements in both their personal and professional lives. Thus, building development plans for both an individual’s personal and professio nal aspect can assist in identifying and reinforcing strengths, as well as improving on weaknesses. Task 1 Personal development pertains to a whole host of activities that help improve self-awareness and self-mastery (Aubrey, 2010). On the other hand, professional development refers to the process through which skills and knowledge are attained towards both personal development and advancement in one’s career (National Professional Development Center on Inclusion, 2008). After taking the Applied Personal and Professional Development Evaluation, I realized that knowledge and meeting deadlines are not the only things to be considered in pursuing successful higher education learning. Quality of work is also important, and one means to measure this is through other people’s feedback. In having the best quality work, we should consider other factors such as social and personal relationship with other people, self-confidence, right motivation, willingness to learn, practical and critical thinking and of course, patience and perseverance. Personally, I am good at getting along with other people. I respect their points of views and I try not to offend them by choosing the right words to say. I am very much willing to learn, both old and new things. I also practice practical and critical thinking in my everyday life. I think first before I act most of the time. My practice of patience and perseverance are relative, depending how I assess a given situation and what I judge as appropriate. What I really need to work on, however, is self-confidence and public speaking and having the right motivation for the right job. Gaining self-confidence and being able to speak publicly needs a lot of work. It is related to one’s personality and beliefs. My environment and how I am raised also contribute to my self-confidence. If people sense strong self-confidence and self-efficacy from me, then there is a huge probability that I will be successful and effective at the job-related tasks entrusted to me. Public speaking is a common source of stress for everyone. I have reflected on the principles taught by Orman (1996) and find them handy. First, I have to believe in myself, especially since speaking in public is essentially stressful for many. If others can do it, so can I. Next, I realized that I do not have to be exceptionally brilliant to deliver a presentation. Rather, I

Casual analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Casual analysis - Essay Example Although scientists want to make us believe that embryos are not humans, they have done studies to demonstrate that development of humans starts from fertilization to adulthood. This depicts that though embryos may not be rational, they represent a stage through which all humans must pass and without which no human would be in existence (Family Research Council Web). Human embryonic stem cell research is a controversial issue not just in United States in all nations where scientists have attempted to seek government funding for the research. President Bush banned federal funding on stem cell research involving human embryo. However, irrespective of the controversies surrounding the human embryonic stem cell research, President Obama lifted the ban allowing research in human embryonic stem cell to be funded by federal government. This paper argues that the lifting of the ban on embryonic stem cell research was erroneous since embryonic stem cell research will result in negative effect s. Additionally, the paper will demonstrate how federal funding, state funding, and debates on the media have encouraged continuance of embryonic stem cell research irrespective of the several negative impacts associated with the research. Human embryonic stem cell research is a research that involves manipulation of stem cell extracted from an embryo. For the cells to be extracted, the embryo must be destroyed. Jamie Thomson initiated the embryonic stem cell research in 1998. The research involves removal of embryonic cells from an embryo and culturing them in the laboratory for research on human diseases (â€Å"The Witherspoon Council on Ethics and the Integrity of Science† 129-133). The cells are preferred by scientists due to their great capacity to develop into different body cells. Since its start, embryonic stem cell research has aggravated serious controversies in the political, ethical, and religious arenas. However, stem cell research is wide and it involves use of adult stem cells as well as embryonic stem cells. The use of adult stem cells is not controversial since it does not involve dehumanizing acts. The main controversy is that the embryonic stem cell research involves sacrificing of human life, which is unethical since the embryos used for the research do not survive (Family Research Council Web; James 8-9; Robertson 193-195). Every scientific study is required to follow certain ethical principles. One such principle is that it should work towards raising the human dignity. In case of embryonic stem cell research, there is great disregard for human life. The argument that an embryo cannot be considered a human has already been disapproved by cloning, which has shown that life begins at conception. Therefore, treating embryos that are below fourteen days old as non-humans is unethical. The pre-embryo and post embryo distinctions used by embryonic stem cell researchers to validate their practices is not justifiable (â€Å"The Witherspoo n Council on Ethics and the Integrity of Science† 132-135). The stem cell research is surrounded by many ethical questions. The main ethical question regards the morality of destroying human embryos that have the potential of developing into independent beings. Although supporters of this research argue that the embryos used for research are not obtained from the human uterus but produced in the laboratories, the research is still unethical. Creating life to destroy it is erroneous (Family Research

The Food that Makes People Heed Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Food that Makes People Heed - Assignment Example The power that he has is based from the craving for good food the customers want to sate. It is actually the power of knowing that giving the best service in exchange for people’s money to satisfy them that the book possesses. As he portrayed with his words, he is not satisfied by just the things he already knows but also enriches himself by reading many books. His hard work is not concentrated in his kitchen but also in the kitchen of others through their books. Moreover, he considers the nutritional value of his food so that even doctors and nurses approve of his cooking, therefore, making them regular customers as well. The article was well written to present the positive and negative attributes of Mr. Yeganeh but not to the effect of putting the man down. Instead, his negative attributes present logical reasons which make readers appreciate the cook even more.

Strategic Plan Part 1 Conceptulizing a Business Essay

Strategic Plan Part 1 Conceptulizing a Business - Essay Example All the aforementioned components exemplify the nature and purpose of an organization, its long-term goals, intention and logic behind its actions. This paper will present a comprehensive view of the function of the aforementioned elements in the formulation of a strategic plan. This paper will show this by establishing a mission, vision and values for Health and Beauty Rejuvenate (HBR). Proper business planning allows for the fulfillment of needs of both the firm and its customers. The objective of Health and Beauty Rejuvenate is to become the most recognized and preferential spa of choice where customers to enhance their innate beauty. The firm will strive to offer its customers a tranquil environment with the view to provide the best spa services to its customers. The center of the spa’s vision is to manage its operations in a long-term milieu with the aim of enhancing both shareholder and customer value and giving back to the local community in which the business will operate. The organization has a single focus i.e. to pamper its customers. The organization’s mission is not only to restore and relax its customers but also to rejuvenate its customers’ wellness and beauty. HBR intends to cater for its customers’ needs fully by providing first class services at immensely affordable rates. HBR aims at creating a peaceful environment, which ensures the clients instantly forget about their every day stresses, as well as providing services, which enhance clients’ lives. HBR will attain this objective through the employment of highly skilled and educated professionals committed to gaining thorough knowledge and appreciation of the firm’s clients to meet all their needs (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). Since the mission of HBR is to become a world class and the spa of choice, HBR will endeavor to expand its business and attain permanence through the realization that its values are crucial to the execution of these

Events Management Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Events Management Law - Essay Example Also the overall situation while reviewing the terms of the contract. But it would not be wrong to mention that, in this case, the requirements of the audience were not considered during such previous deliberations. The main questions that arise is this: Are the basic needs of the audience, viewed in the light of shows conducted by highly acclaimed and successful divas as the present one, subservient to such demands and is it necessary to bend rules and conduct to suit individual requirements, much to the detriment of common health and safety norms. The laws relating to law of tort could be applied in this particular instance which could hold the organising groups responsible for deficiencies in public services by not providing basic amenities to the viewing public. There are also elements of lack of car or imputed negligence which could become cause for later action. It needs to be reaffirmed that in such events, the onus of proving that standards of care were maintained would lie on the organisers who have take up the responsibility for stage managing this concert. It would be first of all, necessary to take up aspects of health and safety laws since providing for necessary air- conditioning would come primarily under public safety standards. Apparently, there has been a deficiency in service, and audience comprising of around 12,000 people had to endure 90 F heat and resultant health detriment. It is quite possible that the section of audience who have suffered health loss could file suits against event management organisers for reparation of health damages due to exposure to excessive heat and related hazards. The organisers could seek remedies under insurance coverage schemes, or exclusion clause. The main idea behind exclusion clauses is to limit or exempt the extent of liability in the event of any problem relating to performance of agreed contract. The conditions for the enforcement of the exclusion clause

Business strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business strategy - Assignment Example I strongly believe that Robin Hood and the Merrymen need a completely new plan. Considering the wake of the tremendous changes in the way of operation of the Sheriff’s men, who have adopted new ways of operating characterized by adequate money, apposite organization and efficient coordination of activities. To be at bar with the Sherriff’s men, the Merrymen have to abandon the old ways and forge new ways of performing their activities. This is immensely attributed by the fact that, there a continuous increase of the band men and this has caused depletion of the scarce resources such as food. The band has to move to an expanded place and work towards ways of having an organized band. The new methods of operation should ensure that, all the men are known and their roles defined. For instance, the band men can be grouped into a group of 20 men with their leader. Such strategies will enable their commander, Robin Hood to know all his men by name. This is a fundamental move because it will make it easy to identify the spies who might move into the band without being recognized. Think about your SWOT analysis, and answer the next 4 questions. Think about how each of the 4 opportunities would help (or not help) to solve Robin Hood’s problems. A plan that does not solve our problems or achieve our goals is useless. Also a plan that we cannot execute is also useless. This is a good idea because; a large space will enable the large number of men who have joined the group to be identified. In addition, in a larger space, it is easy for the band men to mark their territory and any oncoming enemy. Moreover, the larger space will offer humble time for proper organization and execution of the band’s activities. A fixed transit tax is a sensible thing because it will save time for negotiating. This is uniform rate for every merchant involved in transportation. This implies that

Investment Advisors Small Business - Business Plan Essay

Investment Advisors Small Business - Business Plan - Essay Example Institutions, which would be discussed in this section, are Royal Bank of Canada, LBMC and FiduciaryVest. Royal Bank of Canada (RBC): Established back in the year 1869, RBC is Canada’s largest bank in terms of asset value and market capitalization. The institution consistently receives high credit ratings both from Moody’s Investor Services and Standard & Poor’s. This has helped the company to gain the trust of the prospective investors. The advisory service of RBC caters to the high net worth private clients and niche corporate and institutional clients across the globe. Other than investment advice, they offer complimentary financial plans and wealth consultations, guided by RBC experts (RBC, 2010, p.1-2). LBMC: LBC Investment Advisors, LLC, has been ranked among the top financial planning firms in US. The ranking was done by CPA Wealth Provider on the basis of assets under management. The financial institution has more than $ 300 million under its management and it has been experiencing sustainable and continual growth in the industry (LBMC, 2010). FiduciaryVest: FiduciaryVest is an employee owned independent investment advisory firm. They offer consulting service and advice which is in accordance to the interests of the clients. They assist their clients to analyze the assets, develop investment policy, goals and guidelines and design the investment portfolio by fulfilling the objectives of the investors only to optimize their profitability (FiduciaryVest, 2007). So, it seems that there are many institutions which are ready to challenge the new entrants in this industry. The new institution must possess some competitive advantage to sustain its existence in the long run. The company was established by three people, Carol Buckalew, Arnold Jones and Richard Small. Carol is a CFA with more than 15 years of

Chemistry IA design format Essay Example for Free

Chemistry IA design format Essay 1.0.0- Introduction 1.0.1- Focus Question- If the mass of magnesium reacted with hydrochloric acid is changed will the temperature of the solution increase and the total mass decrease. 1.0.2- Hypothesis- If the mass of magnesium that is reacted with hydrochloric acid is changed the temperature of the solution will increase and the total mass will decrease. 1.0.3- Theory- The reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric reaction is written as follows, Mg(s)+ 2HCL (aq) (MgCl2(aq)+H2 (g) (Ng, 2008, pg 1). This reaction goes through two distinct changes that both have an effect on the energy change in the reaction. Enthalpy refers to changes in energy in a compound (Assut, 2008, pg 1). Two distinct changes can occur. An endothermic change occurs when the energy being absorbed is grater then the energy being released whereas and exothermic change is when the energy being released is greater than the energy being absorbed. Energy is absorbed when bonds are broken and energy is released when they are formed (Newton, 2008, pg1). Energy change cannot be directly measured. However energy change affects the physical force of heat. Therefore a heat change is indicative of an energy change. If the heat increase in the solution the change will be exothermic and if the heat decreases the reaction will be endothermic. In respects to the formula Magnesium forms an ionic bond with chlorine to form the salt magnesium chloride. When this bond is formed energy is released in the form of an endothermic change, this energy drop would be quite small however because the bond is ionic and does not take much energy to create since magnesium and chorine bond easily. However the second change is that hydrogen breaks off from chlorine in the hydrochloric acid and hydrogen is released as a gas. The breaking of bonds would absorb energy therefore forming an exothermic reaction. Hydrogen and chorine however form a very strong covalent bond. Covalent bonds form between atoms with similar electronegative forces and are there for take a lot of energy to break ( Anissimov, 2008, pg 1) Since the endothermic change is weak and the exothermic change is strong it can be predicted that the overall change will be exothermic and therefore the solution will heat up. Temperature change in a chemical reaction can be measured with a device known as a calorimeter. A calorimeter measures the heat of the solution before the reaction has occurred and then again after the reactant has been added (Whel, 2008, pg 1). These two values can be mathematically manipulated to find the relative change in temperature. If two of the same substance have different masses it means there is more of the one substance. In a mass of a substance there is a certain amount of material that can be reacted. By increasing mass the amount of substance that may be reacted increases. Therefore if mass increased the amount that of substance reacted will increase as well providing there is enough of the reactant. This will in turn increase the energy change. Also if more of the substance reacts with the reactant more of the reactant will be used up. This means that if the magnesium is increased there will be more reaction with hydrochloric acid; this means that more hydrogen will be released as gas and the total mass of the solution will decrease. Henceforth the change in heat should be greater if their entire solution is lighter as more of the hydrochloric acid has been reacted and hydrogen lost as a gas. How the reaction works (Figure 1) Mg(s)+ 2HCL (aq) (MgCl2(aq)+H2 (g) 1.1.0- Controlling variables 1.1.1- Variables (Table 1) Variable Type of variable Method for control Mass of magnesium Independent Mass will change for each sample, sample range will be 2g, 4g, 6g, 8g and 10g Heat change Dependent This will be calculated by subtracting the final heat of the solution by the initial heat of the solution. The data will be gathered by using a calorimeter Change in mass in solution Dependent This will be calculated by measuring the weight of the solution and subtracting the weight of the calorimeter and the magnesium. The original mass not including calorimeter and the magnesium will then be subtracted by this value to mind the change of mass in the solution. Initial temperature Controlled The temperature of the solution will be heated to 25c and the reaction started immediately. External temperature Controlled The room temperature will be controlled at 24c Volume of hydrochloric acid Controlled The volume of hydrochloric acid will be 40mls per sample. Measuring apparatus Controlled A 50ml calorimeter with electronic thermometer and a scale with milligram accuracy. Time of experiment Controlled The experiment will be ended when reaction is fully complete and reaction will be given 10 seconds to calibrate before results are taken Replications Controlled Standard 5 replications of each sample will be performed. 1.1.2- Control used in comparison- The reacted samples will be compared against hydrochloric acid with no magnesium that is also 25 degrees Celsius. Since the temperature remains constant there should be no energy or mass change, this would mean that on a graph this would represent a straight line which others samples with energy changes (heat changes) could be compared to. Bibliography Ng, H.N, 2008, Acid reactions, Vat.Gov.Un, Accessed 21/08/09, http://vat.maharashtra.gov.in/communicationcenter/QueryAnswerSubjectwise.php?start=3090subId=0000000007. Asset, M.A, 2008, Chemical Enthalpy, Nasa.gov, Accessed 21/08/09, http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/enthalpy.html Newton, R.N, 2008, Energetics and bonding, Unknown sponsor, Accessed 21/08/09, http://www.webchem.net/notes/how_far/enthalpy/enthalpy_diagrams.htm Anissimov, T.A, 2007 Chemical bonding, Simon Frasier University, Accessed 21/08/09, http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/chembond/ Whel, L.W, 2006, Calorimeters, Stanford University, Accessed 21/08/09, http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/detectors/calorimeters.html Acknowledgments The procedure of this experiment is a adaption of a previous class experiment. The source of the procedure is unknown, so thanks to Miss Crook for the inspirations for this design.

Putative S-Adenosyl Methionine Dependent Ironâ€Sulfur

Putative S-Adenosyl Methionine Dependent Iron–Sulfur Identification and Characterization of a Putative S-Adenosyl Methionine dependent Iron–Sulfur containing protein from  Methanococcus Jannaschii Qi Liu Research Proposal Dr. MishtuDey Dr. M. Lei Geng Dr. Leonard R. MacGillivray Dr. Amnon Kohen Dr. Daniel Quinn Introduction Biological methane formation is a microbial process that is catalyzed by microbes called methanogens, which belong to the third kingdom of life, the Archaea. Methane is formed at the final catalytic step by methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR), in which coenzyme B (CoBSH, N-7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine) donates two electrons to reduce methyl-coenzyme M. MCR is a 300kDa enzyme, which is composed of three different subunits in an ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²2ÃŽ ³2 arrangement and contains 2 mol of the nickel tetrapyrrole coenzyme F430, which are buried deeply within the protein complex[1]. There are five modified amino acids were found out on the ÃŽ ±-subunit and near the active site of MCR from methanothermobacter marburgensis based on the X-ray crystallographic studies. They are 1-N-methylhistitine (HisÃŽ ±400), 5-(S)-methylarginine (ArgÃŽ ±271), 2-(S)-methylglutamine (GluÃŽ ±400), S-methylcysteine (CysÃŽ ±452), where the side chains are methylated and one thioglycine (GlyÃŽ ±445) forming a thiopeptide bo nd (Figure 1). Since the DNA sequence of the encoding MCR gene shows no unsusal condons or unusual codon usages at the positions in which the five modified amino acids were found, the modifications are introduced after translation [1]. According to vivo labeling experiments with L-(methyl-D3)-methionine, people found that the methyl groups from the modified amino acids are introduced biosynthetically from the methyl group of methionine by specific S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) dependent Figure1. Post Translational Modifications in MCR  enzymes. These methyl translational modifications are catalyzed by protein methylases that specifically recognize the amino acid sequences up and downstream of amino acid to be methylated. The genome of methanogens has many open reading frame predicted to be putative methyltransferases, which also agrees with the proposal that there are four different SAM-dependent protein methylases are involved in the post translation modification. A search of six kn own methanogenic genomes led to the identification of conserved open reading frame around the MCR gene cluster. Some methangenic archaea contain two MCR isoenzymes, designated MCR1 and MCR2. This conserved hypothetical protein is found around MCR1 in Methanococcus jannaschii and Methanobacterium thermobacter. The open reading frame from Methanococcus jannaschii, MJ0841 is annotated as a conserved hypothetical protein, which is found to be related to the radical SAM enzyme superfamily. The signature motif of SAM radical enzymes is three cysteine motif â€Å"CX3CX2C† (Figure 2), multiple sequence alignment of the putative gene from methanogens show the conserved CXGFCXXC, which is known to coordinate to [4Fe-4S] cluster. (Figure 3) Figure 2. Multiple Sequence Alignment of MJ0841 Homologues from Different Methanogens Figure 3. [4Fe–4S] cluster coordinated by three-cysteine motif CxxxCxxC. The fourth iron of the cluster interacts with a bound SAM. Specific Aims It is interesting and important to determine the function of this hypothetical protein. We speculate that this hypothetical protein, MJ0841, could be a possible candidate responsible for the post-translation modification of the methylated amino acids, or, is involved in the formation of the thioglycine in MCR. Research Plan, Results and Discussion Expression and Purification of MJ0841 MJ0841, a 1248bp gene, was cloned into pET28a vector. The resulting plasmid was transformed in E.coli BL21(DE3) cells for gene expression. In order to increase the iron content, MJ0841 was also co-expressed with PDB1282. Overnight cell culture grown at 37oC in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium containing both kanamycin (50ug/ml) and ampicillin (100ug/ml) was inoculated, in a 100-fold dilution, into Terrific Broth (TB) media aerobically at 37oC. FeCl3 was also added to a final concentration of 100uM to be as the iron content for iron-sulfur cluster during the growth when OD600 was around 0.3. Protein expression was then induced at OD600 of 0.6 to 0.7 with addition of Isopropyl ÃŽ ²-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) to final concentration of 0.5mM. After overnight incubation at 37oC around 18hours, the cells were harvested by centrifugation at 5000rpm for 30mins at 4oC, and stored at -80oC. The following procedures were all carried out in oxygen free environment at 20oC. Purification was conducted anaerobically at oxygen level always below 2.0ppm in anaerobic chamber. 23g Cell were moved into anaerobic chamber and resuspended in 120mL lysis buffer (50mM tris-HCl, 300mM NaCl, 5% glycerol pH 7.5), and Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) 1mM final concentration, 3 tablets of protease inhibitor, 2-mercaptomethanol 10mM) for 15mins. The cells were lysed by sonication for 15mins followed by centrifugation at 30,000 rpm for 40mins at 4oC to remove the cell debris. The supernatant was applied to a packed 15mL Ni-NTA resin column equilibrated with lysis buffer. The column was then washed with 5 column volume of wash buffer (50mM tris-HCl, 300mM NaCl, 10mM IMD, 5% glycerol, pH 7.5). The brownish protein was eluted by gradient elution with 5 column volume of wash buffer and 5 column volume elution buffer (50mM tris-HCl, 300mM NaCl, 200mM IMD, 5% glycerol, pH 7.5). SDS-PAGE was applied to analyze the desired clean protein fractions, which were then combined an d set for overnight dialysis with dialysis buffer (50mM tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 5% glycerol) with slow stirring. The pooled fractions were concentrated using an Amicon centrifugal filter with a 30kDa molecular weight cut off (MWCO). The collected protein was further purified with 20mL packed Q-sepharose column equilibrated with lysis buffer (50mM tris-HCl, 5% glycerol, pH 7.5). The column was then washed with 5 column volume of wash buffer (50mM tris-HCl, 200mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, pH 7.5). The brownish protein was eluted by gradient elution with 5 column volume of wash buffer and 5 column volume elution buffer (50mM tris-HCl, 700mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, pH 7.5). SDS-PAGE was applied to analyze the desired clean protein fractions, which were then combined for reconstitution (Figure 4). Figure 4. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis analysis of MJ0841 purification fractions Reconstitution of the [4Fe-4S] Cluster of MJ0841 in Vitro The above apo-protein (16uM, 40ml) was incubated with final concentration of 5mM DTT for 1h with slow stirring at room temperature. Then, cystein was added into the above solution by dropwise to reach 10 molar folds excess of protein. After 30mins incubation, 10 molar excess of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 was added slowly to provide enough iron content for iron sulfur cluster and incubated for 30mins. The resulting solution was incubated with 10 molar excess of Na2S finally, and the brownish protein solution changed to dark brown after adding Na2S. The above final protein solution was kept in 4oC overnight around 14 hours for building up enough [4Fe-4S] clusters. In order to remove the unbounded iron and sulfur, the overnight reconstituted protein was concentrated to 2.5 – 3ml of final volume and loaded onto a 5mL PT10 column equilibrated with lysis buffer (50mM tris-HCl, 5% glycerol, pH 7.5), and the final pure protein was combined. Reduction of [4Fe-4S] Cluster UV-vis spectroscopy was applied here for detecting the reduction of [4Fe-4S] cluster. A characteristic peak for [4Fe-4S] cluster was shown up near 412nm before reducing. Sodium Dithionite was used as the reducing agent and the stock solution was prepared freshly right before adding into the protein. 100 equivalents of sodium dithionite were mixed with concentrated protein, and the peak at 412nm was reduced (Figure 5). According to the results from UV-vis, the 4Fe-4S cluster was built up by reconstitution, also the [4Fe-4S]2+ was reduced to [4Fe-4S]+ by the reduction of sodium dithionite. Figure 5. UV-vis spectra of purified reconsituted MJ0841 Figure 6. EPR spectrum of as-isolated MJ0841 (blue trace) and purified reconstituted MJ0841 originating from a [3Fe-4S]+ cluster. reduced with 100 equiv sodium dithionite (red trace) EPR samples preparation and spectral collection EPR spectrums of as-isolated, oxidized and reduced form of MJ0841 are detected at 10K. All samples are prepared anaerobically. As-isolated protein was prepared with the protein without reconstitution, and exhibits a strong isotropic EPR signal, which is centered at g=2.01 same as the g=2.01 signal of the [3Fe-4S]+ cluster form (Figure 6). The oxidized form protein containing [4Fe-4S]2+ was prepared by injecting 200ul concentrated protein purified through PD10 column into EPR tube, and it normally shows silent EPR signal (Figure 7). Reduced form of as-isolated protein was performed by mixing with 100 equivalents of sodium dithionite with 200ul concentrated protein, which gives the reduction form of [4Fe-4S]+ cluster and shows the characteristic EPR signal with g factors of g=2.03 and g=1.92 (Figure 8). Figure 7. EPR spectrum of oxidized form of MJ0841. Figure 8. EPR spectrum of reduced form of MJ0841. SAM cleavage activity of MJ0841 The characteristic reaction for detecting radical SAM enzymes is reductive cleavage of SAM into S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and 5’-deoxyadenosyl radical (5’dAdo). Assays were conducted under strict anaerobic conditions. The reaction assay contains the following: 50mM Tris-HCl, 5mM DTT, 5Mm sodium dithionite, 0.5mM SAM. Reactions were initiated by addition of SAM and carried out at 20oC for 20 hours. The control reaction was run under the same conditions as the above assay, but without presence of protein. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (final concentration 5% v/v) was added to quench the reactions, which then were identified by HPLC analysis. HPLC analysis of SAM cleavage assay products After quenching by TFA, the reaction mixture was centrifuged and the supernatant was applied into HPLC analysis. 10ul of assay mixture was injected into C18 column, which had been pre-equilibrated with equilibrium buffer (40mM ammonium acetate, pH=6.2). Then the column was washed with a linear gradient from 0-50% acetonitrile for 30mins at room temperature to detect SAH and 5’dAdo. The UV-detector was set at wavelength 258nm, and the standard samples, SAM, SAH, and 5’dAdo, were run with the same condition as SAM cleavage reaction products. According to the retention time comparison between standard samples and products, formation of SAH and 5’dAdo were all detected via HPLC analysis when enzyme was present. In the absence of enzyme MJ0841, SAM was not consumed at all and there were no any products peak formed, which confirmed the SAM was cleaved by enzyme. The dark blue, red, light blue traces show the relative intensities of 5’dAdo, SAH, and SAM standards. The green trace shows the assay with the use of reconstituted MJ0841, and the SAH and 5’dAdo were both observed. The purple trace shows the control assay without MJ0841, and there was not any of 5’dAdo formed (Figure 9). Figure 9. HPLC analysis of the SAM cleavage assays Conclusions Future Work Initial results seem to show the [4Fe-4S] cluster and the enzyme activity. Since SAM was cleaved enzymatically, the products will be detected by mass spectroscopy to confirm the formation SAH and 5’dAdo. Furthermore, probable substrates of MJ0841 will be prepared, which should contain the amino acids that would be modified. The activity assays with substrates will be examined to detect the desired methylation reaction on substrates.

Roles and Activities of a Manager- Comparison of Theories

Roles and Activities of a Manager- Comparison of Theories Hayley Work    The main roles and activities of a manager are: Managers should run an organisation by organising structures, people and finances. Peter Drucker identified five activities of a manager, these are; Setting objectives- Robin Fraser is responsible for all production and quality assurance he aims to make processes less labour intensive and more automated. In order to achieve this, he has secured a investment from the bank and plans to use these funds to increase automation.[1] Organising- Hazim Khan analyses sales trends of different products and after assessing customer feedback in order to make sure that the company keeps with the changing market. Hazim is in charge of a team of chefs who develop new products and recipes.[2] Motivating and communicating- Hazim also demonstrates this activity, he allows his team of chefs to work independently on their ideas but regularly meets with them to discuss any problems and ideas.[3] Measuring- Laura Bolton is focused on the companys finances and keeps an eye on the cash flow of the business. [4] Developing- Kathryn Hannah encourages staff to undertake training in order the ensure that staff have all the skills that the business requires.[5] Henry Mintzberg identified ten management roles which are then divided up into three categories. Category Roles Manager Interpersonal Figurehead Leader Liaison David Fraser Informational Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson Kathryn Hannah Laura Bolton Hazim Khan Decisional Entrepreneur Disturbance Handler Resource Allocator Negotiator Robin Fraser Hazim Khan Measuring managerial effectiveness Fraser Foods can measure managerial effectiveness by motivation and morale of the staff, this would be put to good use in the shop floor. Here the work is repetitive and can be challenging due to the temperatures needed to produce hygienic food. The teams are set targets but have the freedom to decide how they will achieve this, working this way has increased staff morale and flexibility. [6] Another way to measure managerial effectiveness would be by the level of complaints. Fraser Foods could distribute anonymous feedback forms asking questions about how the staff feel about the manager and why. The company would then be able to grasp how well the manager is performing. Behavioural theory of leadership. Macgregors Theory X and Theory Y both assume the behaviours of different management styles. A Theory X manager assumes that staff dislikes work, need directed, avoid any responsibility, dull, uncreative, have no desire, see money as the only motivation for work and view goals and objectives as caging. [7] David Fraser could be described as a Theory X manager, David also felt it was his role to make all the decisions affecting production. He didnt see the need to involve staff and believed they preferred to be told what to do and didnt want the responsibility that was the managers job, not theirs. He believed staff were motivated by money and should be paid bonuses if targets were exceeded[8] Contingency theory of leadership A contingency theory is based on the belief that there is no style of leadership that is applicable to all situations that may arise within a company. Hersey and Blanchards theory was based on the leader adopting an appropriate style of leadership depending on the members in the team and the situation they have found themselves in. In accordance with their theory a leader can adopt one of four styles depending on how much support the team requires and the amount of direction.[9] The four styles (known as S1-S4) are: Telling- This leadership style is categorised as giving a lot of direction to team members. This style is recommended for use when dealing with new staff or where the work can be tedious and repetitive. Selling- This is sometimes known as the coaching approach. It is used when team members are motivated to carry out the work but dont quite have the needed maturity to complete the task. Participating- This style encompasses high support but hardly any direction, it is used when team members are able to do the tasks required but maybe lack the confidence. Delegating- The responsibility for carrying out the task is given to team members, this style requires high levels of maturity and competence. David Fraser mostly adopts the telling style (S1) as he felt it was his role as the boss to make all decisions. Hazim Khan style of leadership fits into S2-S4 he does this by allowing his team of chefs to use their talents to create new products for the company. He regularly meets with his team of chefs to discuss and help to solve any issues that have arisen. Theories of leadership and the proposed expansion plans Bennis and Nanus state that there is no one right way to being a leader, but that each has to find their own style. They did however, identify common characteristics: A visions to focus minds Communicating the vision Consistency and honesty Awareness of weakness Bennis and Nanus also state that effective leadership can move organisations from current to future state, create visions of potential opportunities for organisations.[10] The managers of Fraser Foods must ensure that they effectively and clearly communicate to the staff, the vision that they have for the company such as reducing their heavy reliance on the supplier, Perkins. [11]Robin must also effectively communicate his vision for increasing automation as the staff feel anxious about the impact this will have on their jobs. He must also be honest with the staff in order to ease their worries and make them feel involved in the process. [12] Bibliography   Case study paragraph 24 2 Case study paragraph 13 3 Case study paragraph 13 4 Case study paragraph 14 5 Case study paragraph 15 6 Case study paragraph 16 7 Student notes 8 Case study paragraph 12 9 Student notes 10 Student notes 11 Case study paragraph 18 12 Case study paragraph 24 [1] Case study paragraph 24 [2] Case study paragraph 13 [3] Case study paragraph 13 [4] Case study paragraph 14 [5] Case study paragraph 15 [6] Case study paragraph 16 [7] Student notes [8] Case study paragraph 12 [9] Student notes [10] Student notes [11] Case study paragraph 18 [12] Case study paragraph 24

Policing Cyberspace on the Internet Essay -- Internet Communication Co

Policing Cyberspace on the Internet The Internet is a method of communication and a source of information that is becoming more popular among those who are interested in, and have the time to surf the information superhighway. The problem with this much information being accessible to this many people is that some of it is deemed inappropriate for minors. The government wants censorship, but a segment of the population does not. Legislative regulation of the Internet would be an appropriate function of the government. The Communications Decency Act is an amendment which prevents the information superhighway from becoming a computer "red light district." On June 14, 1995, by a vote of 84-16, the United States Senate passed the amendment. It is now being brought through the House of Representatives.1 The Internet is owned and operated by the government, which gives them the obligation to restrict the materials available through it. Though it appears to have sprung up overnight, the inspiration of free-spirited hackers, it in fact was born in Defense Department Cold War projects of the 1950s.2 The United States Government owns the Internet and has the responsibility to determine who uses it and how it is used. The government must control what information is accessible from its agencies. This material is not lawfully available through the mail or over the telephone, there is no valid reason these perverts should be allowed unimpeded on the Internet. Since our initiative, the industry has commendably advanced some blocking devices, but they are not a substitute for well-reasoned law.4 Because the Internet has become one of the biggest sources of information in this world, legislative safeguards are imperative. The government gives citizens the privilege of using the Internet, but it has never given them the right to use it. They seem to rationalize that the framers of the constitution planned & plotted at great length to make certain that above all else, the profiteering pornographer, the pervert and the pedophile must be free to practice their pursuits in the presence of children on a taxpayer created and subsidized computer network.3 People like this are the ones in the wrong. Taxpayer's dollars are being spent bringing obscene text and graphics into the homes of people all over the world. The government must take cont... ...Employee Net Postings?" Network World. Dialog Magazine Database, 042574. 20 Feb. 1995, 8. Gibbs, Mark. "Congress 'Crazies' Want To Carve Up Telecom." Network World. Dialog Magazine Database, 039436. 12 Sept. 1994, 37. Horowitz, Mark. "Finding History On The Net." American Heritage. Oct. 1995, 38. Laberis, Bill. "The Price of Freedom." Computerworld. Dialog Magazine Database, 036777. 25 Apr. 1994, 34. Messmer, Ellen. "Fighting for Justice On The New Frontier." Network World. Dialog Magazine Database, 028048. 11 Jan. 1993, S19."Policing Cyberspace." U.S. News & World Report. 23 Jan. 1995, 55-60. Messmer, Ellen. "Sen. Dole Backs New Internet Antiporn Bill." Network World. Dialog Magazine Database, 044829. 12 June 1995, 12. "Shifting Into The Fast Lane." U.S. News & World Report. 23 Jan. 1995, 52-53. Taylor, Bruce A. "Memorandum of Opinion In Support Of The Communications Decency Amendment." National Law Center for Children & Families. 29 June 1995, 1-7. Turner, Bob. The Internet Filter. N.p.: Turner Investigations, Research and Communication, 1995. "WebCrawler Search Results." Webcrawler. With the query words magazines and sex. 13 Sept. 1995. Policing Cyberspace on the Internet Essay -- Internet Communication Co Policing Cyberspace on the Internet The Internet is a method of communication and a source of information that is becoming more popular among those who are interested in, and have the time to surf the information superhighway. The problem with this much information being accessible to this many people is that some of it is deemed inappropriate for minors. The government wants censorship, but a segment of the population does not. Legislative regulation of the Internet would be an appropriate function of the government. The Communications Decency Act is an amendment which prevents the information superhighway from becoming a computer "red light district." On June 14, 1995, by a vote of 84-16, the United States Senate passed the amendment. It is now being brought through the House of Representatives.1 The Internet is owned and operated by the government, which gives them the obligation to restrict the materials available through it. Though it appears to have sprung up overnight, the inspiration of free-spirited hackers, it in fact was born in Defense Department Cold War projects of the 1950s.2 The United States Government owns the Internet and has the responsibility to determine who uses it and how it is used. The government must control what information is accessible from its agencies. This material is not lawfully available through the mail or over the telephone, there is no valid reason these perverts should be allowed unimpeded on the Internet. Since our initiative, the industry has commendably advanced some blocking devices, but they are not a substitute for well-reasoned law.4 Because the Internet has become one of the biggest sources of information in this world, legislative safeguards are imperative. The government gives citizens the privilege of using the Internet, but it has never given them the right to use it. They seem to rationalize that the framers of the constitution planned & plotted at great length to make certain that above all else, the profiteering pornographer, the pervert and the pedophile must be free to practice their pursuits in the presence of children on a taxpayer created and subsidized computer network.3 People like this are the ones in the wrong. Taxpayer's dollars are being spent bringing obscene text and graphics into the homes of people all over the world. The government must take cont... ...Employee Net Postings?" Network World. Dialog Magazine Database, 042574. 20 Feb. 1995, 8. Gibbs, Mark. "Congress 'Crazies' Want To Carve Up Telecom." Network World. Dialog Magazine Database, 039436. 12 Sept. 1994, 37. Horowitz, Mark. "Finding History On The Net." American Heritage. Oct. 1995, 38. Laberis, Bill. "The Price of Freedom." Computerworld. Dialog Magazine Database, 036777. 25 Apr. 1994, 34. Messmer, Ellen. "Fighting for Justice On The New Frontier." Network World. Dialog Magazine Database, 028048. 11 Jan. 1993, S19."Policing Cyberspace." U.S. News & World Report. 23 Jan. 1995, 55-60. Messmer, Ellen. "Sen. Dole Backs New Internet Antiporn Bill." Network World. Dialog Magazine Database, 044829. 12 June 1995, 12. "Shifting Into The Fast Lane." U.S. News & World Report. 23 Jan. 1995, 52-53. Taylor, Bruce A. "Memorandum of Opinion In Support Of The Communications Decency Amendment." National Law Center for Children & Families. 29 June 1995, 1-7. Turner, Bob. The Internet Filter. N.p.: Turner Investigations, Research and Communication, 1995. "WebCrawler Search Results." Webcrawler. With the query words magazines and sex. 13 Sept. 1995.

Disorders in Hawethornes The Birthmark Essay example -- essays resea

In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story â€Å"The Birthmark† you find a couple fairly prevalent disorders. Although psychology was as of yet not existence, Hawthorne describes them quite well. Alymer suffered from an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, while his actions caused Georgiana to develop a body dysmorphic disorder. Both of which attributed to the eventual demise of Georgiana.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alymer is an older scientist who marries a beautiful woman much younger then himself. Even though Alymer finds his young bride beautiful, he still says that she is â€Å"marked.† Upon Georgiana’s left cheek is a birthmark. The birthmark is small, red, and in the shape of a hand. Alymer believes that this mark takes away from her beauty; even though many other people, men and women alike, thought it to be charming; and those who did not, just â€Å"wished it away.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, Alymer could not wish away Georgiana’s birthmark. He even approached her about it being removed- â€Å"Georgiana,† said he, â€Å"has it never occurred to you that the mark upon your cheek might be removed?† â€Å"No, indeed,† said she, smiling; but perceiving the seriousness of his manner, she blushed deeply. â€Å"To tell you the truth it has been so often called a charm that I was simple enough to imagine it might be so.† (Hawthorne 306)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alymer was afflicted with an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. By definition obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is â€Å"A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and interpersonal control [ . . . ].† (Medical Net) Characteristics of this disorder include the following:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1) Preoccupation with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2) Perfectionism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3) Excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4) Inability to discard worthless objects of no sentimental value.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5) Reluctance to delegate tasks or work with others unless everything is done their way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6) Miserliness in regard to oneself and others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7) Rigidity and stubbornness. (Body Image)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of all of the abov... ...their diseases, then Georgiana would have lived. If he had not been so obsessive, Georgiana would not have developed BDD. And if she had not tried to make Alymer happy, she would not have allowed him to give her the deathly liquid. Sadly though, even in the end, Alymer shows no true remorse. After Georgiana dies, he gives a â€Å"hoarse, chuckling laugh.† After all, his wife may be dead, but she looks perfect without any blemish upon her face.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited 1)Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"The Birthmark.† Sixth Edition The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Michael Meyers Ed. Boston/New York: Bedford/St. Martin 1996 p.306-16 2)Body Image and Body Dysmorphic Disorder. 2002. 7 Dec. 2003   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.athealth.com/Consumer/disorders/BDDInterview.html . 3)Medicine Net Medical Dictionary. 2003. 7 Dec. 2003   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=21263 . 4)Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, European Description. 1992. 1 Dec. 2003   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.mentalhealth.com/icd/p22-an05.html .

The Reluctant Receptionist

The Reluctant Receptionist Why was it important to be specific when describing job duties? The importance of being specific when describing job duties is very important. Having a well effectively developed employee job description is a communication tool between the employee and employer and it can determine the success between the employee and employer. Having a poorly written job description can add confusion to the workplace, also a lack of communication from the company. People working for the company may feel as if they do not know what is, to be expected of them.In this scenario not being accurate of the written job description created a problem because it was not written but it became a verbal description and it had nothing to do with what Virginia applied for. Virginia was not hired to be a receptionist, but was to relieve the receptionist for an hour a day. Virginia felt that this company did not take her seriously and felt unappreciated. Even though she has a college degree , and the job she applied for was an HR assistant not a fill in receptionist.The importance of job descriptions Employee job descriptions are written statements that describe the duties, responsibilities, and the qualifications of a particular job. Employee job descriptions are based on information obtained through a job analysis, understanding the skills required to accomplish the task that is needed, and the needs of the company. Having a well written job description can cover legal basis as well, if employment issue's should arise: it will define the ongoing job responsibilities for the employee.It will also identify the required knowledge , skills and abilities needed to be successful. What can be done in the future to prevent these problems, what are the job duties of an HR Assistant? In order from preventing this happening in the future is to be more detailed into what is expected of the job being performed. When writing a job description consider the task, duties, and respons ibilities and define each one if needed. Job Description for Human Resource AssistantHuman Resources Assistants are generally assigned to help Human Resource directors and managers keep track of employee information. This information could include an employee's name, address, job title, compensation, tax withholding information and benefits, such as retirement and insurance plans. Human Resource assistants also help with documentation concerning grievances, terminations, absences and performance reports. Duties of an Human Resource Assistant Human resources assistants may be required to complete a wide variety of duties.Common tasks include answering questions, opening mail, receiving and transferring phone calls, giving directions, creating and distributing documents and providing customer service. Assistants may be required to use either traditional paper filing systems in their work, or more commonly, a computer data entry system. Other functions human resources assistants may fu lfill include setting appointments, arranging meetings, maintaining calendars, copying files, entering data into computer systems and tracking payments or other financial information.Assistants may also be required to write reports for their managers, compile spreadsheets and prepare presentations. Because they work with the public, human resource assistants must be able to present themselves well and have good communication skills. Assistants must also be aware of privacy concerns and the importance of keeping information confidential. References: Education Portal http://education-portal. com/articles/Human_Resources_Assistant_Job_Description_Duties_and_Requirements. html Career Builder http://www. careerbuilder. com/? cbRecursionCnt=1

Physical and Technological resources Essay

These are the resources that the business needs to maintain in order to carry out its activities and it includes things like the buildings, facilities, plant and machinery. Management of physical resources involves planning maintenance and refurbishment and it includes organizing insurance and security to keep those resources safe. For JCC there are different types of physical resources however the main ones are as follows: * College premises and facilities: any business will need to have premises from where it can operate for JCC it’s the college it self which they operate by providing facilities to the students. The premises should be aesthetically pleasing in order to attract customers however for JCC if the premises are pleasing then more students would likely to come and study at JCC. * Materials and waste: The materials that are needed by a business will very much depend on the type of operation it is running and the individual people working there. A car-making factory will need access to steel, paint, plastics, etc. to be able to make cars. However for JCC they will need teachers to teach the students otherwise they would not be able to educate the students. For JCC the materials they use are paper, stationery and printing inks etc while the waste are printer cartridges, plastics , laptops as when they dispose them off. They manage the waste as follows: the computer equipment they can’t just throw throw them or give it to someone because its registered in the college name in this case they dispose computer equipment to a company called WE which deals with the waste and this charges them à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 per item in order to dispose them safely. * Plant and machinery: Like materials and buildings, each business has specific requirements for the type of plant and machinery that it might need. JCC spends large amount of money to purchase the machinery such as projectors, televisions, video machines, computers, table and chairs and many more as without the resources they would not be able to meet the objectives. * Equipment including IT: Equipment is essential for a business to operate smoothly. For example, the teacher is unable to work effectively without a board marker or access to the registrar to check the who is present. Equipment is very vital for JCC such as computers, projectors and printers in order to work efficiently. * Planned maintenance and refurbishment: All buildings, plant and machinery require regular maintenance and updating. Even factories that work using flow production 24 hours a day have to allow time to check that machines are working properly and make minor adjustments to them if necessary. If this maintenance does not take place machines may break down, stopping production and leading to a loss of profits. Building maintenance such as regular cleaning and painting, is also needed to keep buildings in good order, clean and safe. JCC do regular maintenance with the equipment such as computers every summer holidays to ensure everything is working properly. They also paint the building every summer holidays if needed. * Emergency provision: The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 requires organizations to draw up policies and provisions for what should happen in the event of an emergency within a building. This means for JCC they have to change their resources such as the building since the law of disability act came in force they had to install lifts and the ramp in order to cater for disable students. * Insurance: All buildings owned or leased by businesses must have insurance. If the business owns the building it will arrange this cover itself but if the building is leased it is often arranged with the landlord. A fee is paid each month and then protection is given to the business in the event that something happens to or within the building such as floods, fire, and damage to any equipments etc. For JCC they need to insure the building is insured as it will need if any thing happened in the college then the insurance will pay for any claims. * Security: The building must be made secure and looked after, even when employees have gone home. Some businesses will employ full-time security staff to do this and they patrol the building, sometimes using dogs to help them. Other organizations will use security cameras and alarms which are linked to police stations. JCC use a full time security site manager who is responsible for the security of JCC as he monitors via the use of CCTV cameras. Technological Resources Technological resources are more than just equipment. Computer hardware, such as a modem and monitor, is a physical resource and is treated as such. Technological resources in this instance are things like software, music or text. These resources are owned, like physical resources, and have to be managed in the same way. Technological resources can be considered in four main areas: intellectual property, accumulated experience and skill, software licensing and patents and copyright. * Intellectual Property: These are the rights allow people to own ideas and have rights concerning what happens to these ideas, including how often they are used, what they are associated with and if they have permission to be copied. There are considered to be five different types of intellectual property: designs, drawings, text, music and video. This shows us that JCC have to have copy right laws to be followed other wise they can be fined and sued if the breach the law. JCC logo has been copyright protected as no one can copy their logo. * Accumulated Experience and Skill: This means experience gained over a number of years when a person has come across lots of different issues to do with the job. This can mean it protects the business by keeping people in their jobs – so that the level of experience in the business can grow. Experienced employees are more likely to be able to do a good job in an organization and should be managed carefully. Sometimes this might mean paying people more or giving them special conditions. For JCC they have to manage this as the teachers get experienced and the work gets more faster and more accurate, for instance the head of the business department would be responsible of registering students every year and have to meet deadlines as this case would be the teacher will be experienced and unlikely to make mistakes however if another new staff comes in and the experienced teacher goes out of JCC then problems might arise and the work might be done slowly. JCC have to maintain this in order to run the organization smoothly. * Software licenses: Many businesses invest a lot of money into software and its use within the working day. Sometimes bespoke software will be designed for a business or they will use someone else’s software and play a license fee to use it. As any software e.g. Microsoft word you have to pay a license fee to the Microsoft however when we individual buy the software the license fee is already included unlikely for large business organization where they purchase one software and use in more than one computer in which they have to pay extra fee for the license. JCC they have to pay for the license for the use of different software they use, if they not pay the license fee they can be fined as breaking the law. They have to make sure they have purchased the license. * Patents and Copyright: It can be difficult and costly for businesses to protect technological resources. Legislation can help to prove if someone has taken your idea and used it. Patents and copyright are two areas of intellectual property law. Patents- protection for inventions or new and improved products that can be made by industry while Copyright- protects the use of literary or artistic material. This includes songs, software, multimedia and films. For JCC they have to have a copyright logo in order to protect their logo not to be used by others, they have to pay a fee for this copyright protection. While they have to patent their website in order for not others using their ideas and design.

It320 Hmwk 4.1

Wan Technology/ Unit 4 Assignment: 4. 1 1. At what layer of the OSI model does CDP operate? Data Link layer 2. What is the primary use for CDP? To discover information about directly connected Cisco devices 3. What network layer protocols can CDP provide information for? IP, Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX), and AppleTalk 4. When CDP is enabled on an interface, a router (or switch) sends CDP advertisements on a regular basis, which list information about the sending router. Included in the packets are a series of Type/Length/Value, or TLV, data structures. . The show cdp neighbors command can be used to display one line of information about each directly connected CDP-enabled device. List the six pieces of information displayed. Device ID, local interface, holdtime, capability, platform, and port ID 6. In the topology of all Cisco devices shown in Figure 4-1, you are on Host A and consoled in to RTA. What devices can you see in the output from CDP commands? SWA, RTB, and RTC only the directly connected devices that are attached to RTA 7. How would you gather information about other CDP-enabled devices in the network?By Telneting to those devices and using the show cdp neighbors command 8. From RTB in Figure 4-1, what devices can you see in the output from CDP commands? RTA and RTD 9. From RTC in Figure 4-1, what devices can you see in the output from CDP commands? RTA and RTD 10. From RTD in Figure 4-1, what devices can you see in the output from CDP commands? RTB, RTC, and SWB 11. cdp run Global Enables CDP globally on the router. cdp enable Interface Enables CDP on an interface. lear cdp counters Privileged EXEC mode Resets the traffic counters to 0. show cdp entry User or privileged EXEC mode Displays information about a specific neighbor. show cdp interface User or privileged EXEC mode Displays information about interfaces on which CDP is enabled. show cdp neighbors [detail] User or privileged EXEC mode Displays at least six pieces of information a bout the neighbor 12. The cdp run command enables CDP globally on the router. By default, CDP is globally enabled. The enable cdp command enables CDP on a particular interface. 13.Fill in the appropriate commands in the configuration/output that follows: RTC(config)#cdp run_ <– Command that will start CDP RTC(config)#interface Ethernet 0 RTC(config-if)#no cdp enable <– Turn off CDP on this interface RTC(config-if)

Hyten Corporation Essay

Abstract: The structure of this assignment is such that the questions are not just answered directly but that there is a discussion of general premises by the author prior to confronting the complexities of systems re-engineering. The reader is given a few short philosophical insights into the author’s assumption in the â€Å"preferred method† of such organisational change. It is the focus of this assignment to impart how the organisational change will lead to the organisations culture changing. In the second question which is what is to be done to solve the problems and priority I have referred to the problem statements in the first question per number in the first question and then rated them in priority. The author has chosen this method of answering for the sake of continuity and ease of reading. General Discussion:Prior to answering the questions posed in this case study the point of departure will be discussed. Change is ongoing in any organisation and this is to be a managed process. The need for change should be clarified and has to be analysed, the new goal clearly laid out, the change effected and then the whole change measured against the goals initially stated. Then one can see if a new change or further change is necessary. These processes are laid out in Dr. E. Goldratt’s book the Critical Chain as The Theory of constraints. Harvard Professor J.Cotter outlines 8 steps to bridge the change gap. These steps as shown in the following illustration bridge the gap between the current state and the desired state. As in Cotters first step the managers of the company under discussion in the case study are indeed ready to be convinced that current methods are not working effectively and efficiently. The critical mass has been achieved within HYTEN to effect the necessary change. Within HYTEN the emphasis in leading the change should be on the premise that  humans have natural in born strengths and will execute and implement things in a fashion that allows them to express this natural style. The best that managers can do is to take cognisance of this strength and play on those strengths in the individual. To take this assumption a step further in proposing the hypothesis that certain environments and cultural backgrounds assist individuals to develop certain skills. HYTEN has already shown the ability in its past to adapt to changing macro economic climate when it re-tooled and changed production after the first Gulf war. This was very successful in the longer term. This is a positive indication that human resources will change without too much disruption to productivityQuestion 1:Problems1.The company uses an informal project management model and the manner in which new projects are tackled is not as orderly as it could be. (In the complex environment of tight schedules and multi-disciplinary teams the carefully documented and well managed project will mean that ambiguities and duplications will be greatly reduced. The project manager must provided the adhesive force for this team.)†¢This is an architectural problem2.The company has been very successful and managers have been promoted swiftly hence, this relatively young company grew up around the managers. (This has had a positive effect in as much as the managers have become senior manag ers relatively quickly but has also meant that the managers have become complacent and secure in their environment. There also has been no introduction of new blood into the senior management and thus this inbreeding has the effect that cross-pollination with other companies is not happening.)†¢This is a behavioural problem3.The managers for their part are relatively well educated but seem to have become complacent, they have stagnated and failed to study further and thus have not been exposed to some of the newer methods of business structuring/management. The focus of these managers seems to be on technology. (The focus on technology for technology’s sake is not a good thing. In this type of industry it is understandable that managers get caught up in the core function of the business. But the managers can not neglect studies in other fields or fail to focus on neglected areas)†¢This is a behavioural problem4.The business development unit is seemingly ineffectual. The comment that they appear to  be fixing the areas which are not broken seems indicative of the errors they are making. (The business development unit is seemingly not focusing on their core function and is neglecting key performance areas. They are not promoting the efficient running of projects and internal policies. In fact they are having the worst possible effect on the company image by making promises that are unachievable and unrealistic.)†¢This is a behavioural problem5.†The customer has little control over funding, manpower or work done.† This on its own is an over sight as the customer is king. He is the sponsor and as such should demand that the resources and work should follow the projects need as both resource demand and funding are provided by him. This will mean that the production will be a push type and not a pull type.(No further comment or explanation needed here) This is a behavioural problem (Perhaps stemming from the fact that HYTEN was used to â€Å"bit work† for the military.)6.Marketing and sales do not have a say as to what projects will fly and what won’t. (This seems strange as these are the very persons that have front line contact with customers and potential customers and they may see the demand for a particular product.) †¢This is both an architectural and a behavioural problem7.The fact that the authority, role and function of the business development department has gradually expanded means that there are no clear definitions or mandates given to these important project managers. That a charter has not been set up is an indication that senior managers lack the will to tackle functional managers. †¢This is an architectural problem8.No design freeze on products. (This can be very trying for production)†¢This will cause operational problems but the cause is behavioural9.Production items not 100% are being reworked and there seem to be many no-go products being reworked to the determent of products in the system for the first time. (Dr. E Goldratt’s Theory of constraints)†¢This is an operational problem10.There seems to be a big emphasis on the project manager being technically competent and having intrinsic knowledge of technical detail. The other characteristics that are high on the agenda are work assessments of individuals taking part in the project. †¢This is a behavioural problem11.The HR manager is very concerned that the  performance of individuals is correctly captured between the functional manager and the project manager. Sometimes a manager can get a gut feeling about an employee and not be able to document the actual capacity of that individual fully. †¢This is an architectural problem12.The cited problem of an employee at another company not gettting an increase in line with work carried out or that this employee was functioning at a higher level than for which he was employed initially are smoke screens for a basically unsound opportunity and promotion policy at that company and can be avoided by installing proper policies. (Dearth of promotion and training policies) (Quite poignant that the one vocalising these words is the very person who should have the answers. )†¢This is a behavioural problem13.Harold Grimes the plant manager vocalises that internal personnel should be promote to the position of project manager for this new big project as they will have insider knowledge, this is not an on going item like production and as such is a once off situation. His assertions may lead to great unhappiness of the individual placed in such positions. †¢This is not a problem yet as this has not happened but predictions are that this will become a problem in a few years time should this course of action be followed. 14.Herman Hall the I.S. Manager thinks only in terms of what computer package is needed for reporting.( The throwing of software solutions at system problems is very common as the managers attempt to avoid real issues and substitute/relegate control to software.)†¢This is a behavioural problem15.The adaptability of the IS department is very poor as they don’t even consider â€Å"of the shelf solutions† or outsourcing assistance. †¢This is a behavioural problem16.Bub Gustwell Scheduling director for all his good sentiments sees the project management way of managing purely as a vehicle to better schedules. †¢This is a behavioural problemSummaryThe tally of current problems is 15 (One  is a potential future problem) this is not the full tally of all the problems or permutations of problems but the major problems have been highlighted. The score is as follows:Behavioural problems10 1/2Architectural problems 3  ½Operational problems1As is evident from the graphic above the overwhelming problems of HYTEN are behavioural. Having said this the corporation is very successful in a competitive environment. The number of changes are relatively few if one considers the size and extent of the organisation. Question 21-The company not formalising the project management approach is one of the root causes for many of the other ailments, this needs to be addressed as follows:†¢Project charter established for each project†¢Standing of both project managers and functional managers to be clearly laid out†¢All staff working on projects should be briefed on the role that they are to play and duration of their service on that project†¢An exit strategy defined up fount2-The successes of the company and the long serving senior managers: Remedial action to the stagnation of the senior managers could be as follows:†¢Training of existing managers in up-to-date business methods †¢The implementation of a succession policy†¢The introduction of some new managers from other companies†¢Employment of consultants/specialists to re-engineer the corporation3-The failure of managers to keep up to date with studies: This was given a passing mention in bullet point 2†¢Studies in relevant fields other than technology could be arranged by the corporation†¢ Workshops on emergent business methods should be held†¢Subscriptions to relevant business and technology periodicals should be procured for all senior managers and a rotational roster of such periodicals for more junior manages and staff. †¢Establishment of a news server in house where matters can be discussed e.g. troubleshooting, innovations etc.. 4-Ineffectual business unit:†¢The whole business unit needs to scrutinised as to function, this may be outsourced†¢This unit needs to revert to the core function as it has drifted5-The control that customer has over funding and  resources: This needs evaluation and through consultation with stake holders a new level of customer involvement can be reached. The recommendation is that a customer evaluation program be started and that the areas indicated by the customer as high priority be addressed. Not to pre-empt such a program the corporation needs to open communications channels with the client and actively market a positive image to off set the negative one. 6-Marketing and sales not having a say: This ties in with bullet 5 and the marketing and sales should be found to be repeating what the customer is saying. It is not so much a matter that the sales or marketing is not being hear but that the customer is not been heard. Once the customer evaluation of the company is complete the results must be implemented. There after the evaluation forms should be issued with each customer transaction. 7-Expansion of the business development unit:†¢This matter was touched on in bullet 4 with a recommendation that this function be outsourced once it is clearly defined within the corporate structure†¢The right sizing of this department is a second option to outsourcing†¢The outsourced business development unit should be given measurable objectives and clear brief8-Design freeze of products: The fact that there are constant changes in design is a clear indicator that the customer and stake holders are not involved and are not articulating their needs †¢Once better lines of communication have been established with stakeholders design will be reached by consensus, expensive re-tooling for design change will be greatly reduced9-Rework of unsatisfactory items:†¢This can be reduced by continuous quality control. In other words the point of manufacture must be the quality controller thus work pieces would not have to counter-flow to the production line and rework would be immediate†¢Dr. E. Goldratt proposed the critical chain theory where the weakest segment of the chain is targeted and improved this is then repeated till the system is running optimally10-The emphasis on the technically competent project manager: This is just plane nonsense as the team is made up of multi-disciplinary specialists. The only step needed here is to clarify this in the project charter. 11-Concern that staff are to be graded by two managers: On the whole a poor  employee will be seen as such by both managers. The converse being true as well. Having stated this it should be easy enough for each manager to rate the employee and an aggregate be awarded between the two managers on the Key performance areas and the various related weighting for those areas12- Employees not getting equitable increases between plants:†¢This is as described in bullet 11 – The job evaluations and job weighting systems must be overhauled then the system of KPS and weighing need to be put into practice to assess which team is the most productive. It is flawed to award employees differing increases within a work unit. Best practice is the fixed bonus system were there is no separation between rank or individual13-The promotion of only internal staff due to insider knowledge: This is not a problem as yet but may become a problem in future as it may cause a situation of inbreeding. This situation can be remedied easy by correcting the perception early14-The computer package which is the universal panacea:†¢This is yet again a perception that must be corrected early. As any package must follow the real world model and as such the real world model must work first. †¢The systems approach is governed by policies and methods these must be implemented fully and not be sitting on a disused shelf. 15-The adaptability of the IS department:†¢The IS department must be told to evaluate off-the-shelf solutions before considering other alternatives†¢The IS department must ensure that options for roll out of new solutions consider the possibility of out-sourcing16-The perception of persons that project management is only schedules:†¢The only way to change this perception is through educationPrioritization of remedial action and problemsThe first priority is to change the current state of the senior manager studies, once these key persons change their outlook and approach bullet point 3, 2, 5, 6 and 16 will be resolved. The education of managers to a new business approach can not be under stated as they will see the need for customer involvement and even community involvement, the balanced score card will become an intrigue business tool. The changing of the business culture will be then a natural and easy process. The managers will be secure in their positions and will not feel threatened by the change, in fact they will see  the rewards and start to implement the change from within. Second priority is formalisation and implementation of the various company policies which impact on the individuals and structures within the corporation. This must be done in conjunction with the shared vision of HYTEN corp. and thus the corporate strategy will be defined in the process. These are the policies which affect:1-Staffing pay progression and bonuses2-Formalisation and introduction of project management and project charters3-The scope and powers of the business unitsThe systems approach to the documentation and formalisation of the policies and strategic goals will remediate the ills in bullet points 1, 4, 11, 12 and 14Third priority is the resolution of the functional issues such as reworked items, design freeze and others. These issues are of minor concern in relation to the other items which cut right to the core of the problems. The bullet points 8 and 9 are addressed in this priority. The remaining bullet points not dealt with are not preserved to be priority issues but never the less should be dealt with as a matter of course in the manner laid out in the bullet points above. Some are misconceptions others are a lack of insight thus need to be quickly remedied. 4-ConclusionThe over view of this company is that it is in good condition currently but will not stay in that shape if it doesn’t continue to evolve. Many of the points raised as problems are inter-related; this is highlighted throughout the bulleted points. Intervention in some areas will have to be great will in others it is minimal. The one overarching factor needing change is the ongoing education of senior managers. This company is ripe for change and has many eager young individuals who need development. The Policies are basically sound but need to be revisited both for updating content and implementation. If the changes are implemented HYTEN Corp. will go from strength to strength. Bibliography: †¢15th March 2006, The Eight-stage Management Process of Major Changehttp://www.freequality.org/sites/www_freequality_org/Documents/knowledge/ManageChange_MiniTutorial_MT%20_2_.pdf. †¢Program Managing Organizational Transformation, Change and Performance Improvement. Prof. Pieter Steyn and Erik Schmikl†¢The Critical Chain, Dr. E. Goldratt 2nd edition