The Importance of Reference and Cite free essay sample

In the United Kingdom, referencing plays a very important part of higher education. Students are not judged on their own ideas but on the quality of their research, reading, and the ability to establish a discussion to answer a specific question. If they use someone else’s idea in their assignment (by using their own words or making a quotation), they must cite and reference the source. Foreign students who come studying in Britain may be surprised by this working method. The importance of citation and referencing in all academic submission will be discussed in the first part of this essay. Then, the essential characteristics of the Harvard system of referencing will be described. The main reason for referencing is to avoid plagiarism. Northedge (2005) defines plagiarism as the act of using somebody else’s words as your own, without acknowledgement. Indeed, in the academic environment, if students do not give credit to the original source while they reformulate the idea of another person, it is seen as a form of cheating. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Reference and Cite or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Referencing is anchored in the culture of the United Kingdom: it is as important in an academic as in a social or a political context. Hampden, Turner and Trompenaars (2000), cited by Neville (2010) demonstrate that in individualistic cultures (such as Britain), copyrights are more respected than in countries characterized by collectivism. Ideas and words, as Bailey (2011, p25) explains, are seen as a â€Å"private property belonging to the person who first wrote them†. In other words, cite and reference the work of a person is a form of acknowledgement and respect for his work. Citations and referencing are not used merely to avoid plagiarism. They also guarantee the authority of an argument (Neville 2010). When referencing is correctly done, it proves to the reader that the student has read widely on a topic and is knowledgeable about it. Moreover, referencing allows readers to develop their own knowledge. Indeed, they can easily refer to the reference list to find a source or argument that they want to know more about (Redman 2001; Neville 2010). On the other hand, Dee, Bell and Peacock (2010) assert that references are useful to support arguments you want to make. Personal opinions are not expected in assignments; they have no credibility. In fact, the discussion s based on what the student identify as important in what her sources have written about the issue. Moreover, Neville (2010), Creme and Lea (2008) all argue that only the person who write the assignment decide which direction, perspective to take (the ideas presented, the conclusion reached, etc). For example, with the same subject, two essays can be totally different because the students have completely different views and do not develop the same arguments. In other words, the student’s own point of view emerges in the course of her essay. The University of Bristol (undated) consider that most writers and students employ the Harvard system, which is one of the most popular systems of referencing currently used in the United Kingdom and America. In this system, a distinction must be made between citation and referencing. Citations are used within the text, every time that someone else’s idea or work is mentioned (this applies for paraphrases, summaries or quotations). In the Harvard system, the author’s surname and the year of publication are given, in brackets, in the main body of the written assignment. Redman 2001; Dee Bell and Peacock 2010). In every paragraph (except in the introduction and the conclusion), one citation at least should appear. Cruden (2011) considers that there are two main ways to cite: â€Å"author prominent† (the student starts his sentence with a citation) and â€Å"information prominent† (the citation is at the end of the sentence). However, the â€Å"author promin ent† is more effective because the writer is more involved in the text, which makes the argument more persuasive. Referencing is given in a reference list, at the end of the assignment. This list contains full details of all the sources cited and it’s organized alphabetically by author. In the Harvard system, after the author’s surname and initial, references include the date of the publication, the title (in italic), details of the place of publication and publisher. (Redman 2001; Dee, Bell and Peacock 2010). In addition, the page numbers also need to be recorded if the student is quoting from a specific chapter or in a journal article. Electronic references follow similar principle but must also include the date of access. Creme and Lea (2008) assert that all the references in the list must have the same format. However, oral presentations have different approaches to the expression of citation. References to the literature must of course be made and cited during the presentation. These references should also appear at the end of the presentation (last slide) respecting the Harvard system (Cruden 2011). In the British culture, unattributed productions, whether written or oral, rarely have their place. Citations are mainly useful to supports personal ideas and to transmit knowledge. If students do not recognize the sources, they steal the person who writes it.

Catcher In The Rye, JDK Slinger Research Paper Example

Catcher In The Rye, JDK Slinger Paper An exploration of the literary devices used by JDK Slinger In the Catcher In The Rye to communicate the theme of growing up and how relevant this idea Is In the 21st century. One of the dominant themes in the Catcher in the Rye, by JDK Slinger, is growing up and how difficult it is. The author communicates this theme through various literary devices, including: characterization, symbolism and a key incident. The idea Slinger creates is very identifiable to most readers, despite their life experiences being very different to Holders. Moreover, even though the novel is set in the sasss and is a entrants to contemporary society, the reader can still find things to identify with, because Slinger uses such a timeless Idea. The Catcher In the Rye Is centered around three days of the life of the mall protagonist, Holder Coalfield, who Is 16 when the novel begins. The novel Is set In post-war New York in the sasss. The story is narrated by Holder who has been admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Holder tells the story of how he leaves Pence Prep a school in which he was expelled from for failing four out of five classes and spends a few nights alone in New York. We will write a custom essay sample on Catcher In The Rye, JDK Slinger specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Catcher In The Rye, JDK Slinger specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Catcher In The Rye, JDK Slinger specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Slinger uses effective characterization to explore how Holder finds growing up painful and difficult. Holder is frightened of maturing because of his interpretation of the adult word and so he detaches himself from all adults. He refers to all adults as phonies, this Is because he generalizes all adults, thinking they must all be hypocritical and false. Slinger uses Holders physical appearance to emphasis his emotional side, Im six-foot-two-and-a-half and I have grey hair. He seems to be old, physically, but Inside he Is still Just a child, this reinforces the Idea that his body Is ailing him to grow up, but his mind is telling him to resist, and stay as innocent as possible for as long as possible. Slinger even uses his name to show his youthfulness , Holder Coalfield can be broken up into Hold-on as if he is not ready to grow up, and that it is too difficult for him to handle. And Call is apart of the amnion, which protects the babys head during birth, this relates to Holder as he is metaphorically protected by this and does not mature as a result. Slinger communicates the theme of growing up through the central character, Holder, as he is at the stage where he should be growing up and maturing but does not. Slinger uses Holders personality and his appearance to contrast how Holder finds growing up difficult and painful. Holders younger siblings are also key characters in the novel that Slinger uses in order to communicate ten theme. Allele, Holders Trotter, oleo AT leukemia years before the novel was set. He was very unique, he had fiery red hair, and was left handed. Holder speaks of him on many occasions in the novel, he aspires to be more like Allele, because he believed he was the nicest and smartest of all the Coalfields he was about fifty times as intelligent. Part of Allies enduring appeal for Holder is that e is forever frozen in time, in childhood, exactly where Holder wants to be. Phoebe, is quite like Allele, she is a child, and possesses similar attributes her intellect and hair color. Before we meet Phoebe, we rely on Holders descriptions of her. Holder looks up to her, he believes she is the only trustworthy person in a world of phonies. Holder has categorized life into two sections; childhood, being innocent and where Holder wants to stay, and the cruel adult world, where everyone becomes shallow and hypocritical and where Holder wants to avoid. When Phoebe is introduced into the narrative, she complicates Holders thoughts. Even she knows that growing up is mandatory, and becomes angry with Holder as he stays immature, She gets very emotional, I swear to God. As this young girl is presented to us, and is able to understand maturity, Holders stunted maturity seems a little foolish. However we can sympathies with Holder as he feels unable to mature and is being criticized by the one person he truly cares about. Slinger uses this contrast of the characters to emphasis the difficulties of growing up. Slinger not only uses symbolism to communicate the main theme of growing up, but also to highlight the main feelings of Holder. When Phoebe asks him want we wants to be in life, he replies with the image from a Robert Burns song of being the catcher in the rye, to protect children from falling off the cliff as they play in the field of rye. It is highly ironic that Holder swaps somebody meet a body comic thro the rye for somebody catch a body because the song now has the opposite meaning. The main lyrics ask if it is wrong to have a sexual encounter in a far-away field without it leading to anything, but Holder completely changes the meaning. Holder wants to catch children, who play in the field, before the fall out of innocence onto the knowledge of sex and other adult things that he, personally, does not understand. Also the fact that Phoebe is the one to point out the real lyrics, symbolisms that she is not as innocent as Holders idealistic thoughts of children. Because his mind has blocked out the real lyrics, this makes him seem more innocent, childish and afraid of the adult world. The use of the red hunting hat symbolisms Holders desire to be a child for longer. He wears the hat to feel unique and an individual, because it is so different and vibrant. The color of the hat is the same as Phoebes and Allies hair, red. This symbolisms how Holder looks up to his younger siblings, and how he wants to be more like them, as they represent innocence and purity in his eyes. The museum of natural history also communicates the idea that Holder wants to continue to be a child. Holder liked the museum as it was unchanging, The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. The museum represents his catcher in the rye world, in which no-one ever changes, and everything is true, simple and idealistic to him. Holder is scared of change, mainly because of his brothers death, so he wishes everything lull always stay ten same Including ml so nee does not nave to deal Walt negative changes in his life. Slinger uses a key incident in the novel in order to establish that Holder wishes to stay a child for as long as possible. In chapter 13, Holder is met with the possibility of a sexual encounter with a prostitute named Sunny, but turns it down. He admits to being a little nervous about the whole ordeal, as he is a virgin. He comes too realization, that he wants it to be more special. What he learns with Sunny is that he prefers not to get there with a prostitute; I dont think I could ever do it with somebody that sits in a stupid movie The whole scene is depressing rather than erotic for Holder, so he makes up excuses for not being able to go through with it. He realizes has to get to know a girl, and like her a lot, before he is comfortable with that kind of intimacy. On the other hand, it shows he is not emotionally ready for sexual encounters, he talks about it and thinks about it, but in reality he feels too young. This develops the theme of growing up as he has the chance to do the things he says, but he does not take it, meaning he is not et mature enough to handle this kind of adult behavior. This is more like what a child would do when faced with something they are not comfortable doing. And thus shows that when Holder is given the chance to mature, he rejects it, and keeps his innocence and his virginity intact. The idea established in the novel that it is difficult to grow up is identifiable in the 21st century. The book may be from another century, the language may be different, but the central idea that Slinger uses is timeless. Holder goes through strange ordeals in comparison to most people, however the reader can connect to Holder as hey will have had to mature at some point in their life, even if it was not as painful as it was for Holders character. The majority of the readers feel connected to the story, even if their life is extremely different, and they can relate to their own life in one way or another. JDK Slinger develops the main theme of growing up throughout the Catcher in the Rye using successful devices. He develops Holder as a character, uses symbols to relate to the childish nature of Holder, and uses a key incident to establish that Holder wishes to remain a child for as long as possible.

Is the statutory ban against idling motor vehicle engines is helpful in improving the air quality of Hong Kong free essay sample

Although the statutory ban against idling motor vehicle engines is helpful in improving the air quality of Hong Kong, there are some exemptions which cannot be avoided. For example : traffic jams occur and all the vehicles will remain stationary but have their engines on. This situation cannot apply to the ban because the drivers are forced to idle their cars and they are not willing to do that, so they are not considered to violate the law. Another exemption is that some vehicles need to keep their engines on in order to prevent the deterioration of their goods, such as vehicles which their owners sell their ice-cream and the engines are needed to turn on in order to provide the refrigerative function. Therefore, can we say that the ban is effective? In our group, we all agree that it is ineffective in lowering the API of Hong Kong because there are many exemptions in the ban and a lot of drivers can escape from the law. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the statutory ban against idling motor vehicle engines is helpful in improving the air quality of Hong Kong? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, the sources of air pollutants are not only from the vehicles, but also from the operations of factories and power stations, so only establishing law to prevent the drivers from idling the motor vehicle engines is not enough to protect our living environment. We need to have other possible solutions to help meliorating the problem. In order to reduce the air pollutants emitted by the vehicles, we suggest installing a 3-way catalytic converter, which can oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide 2CO + O2 2CO2, unburnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water CxH2x+2 + (3x+1)/2 O2 xCO2 + (x+1) H2O and reduce nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen 2NOx ï ¹ ¥N2 ï ¼â€¹ xO2. Nevertheless, the catalytic converter cannot be used on leaded petrol vehicles because Lead will poison the catalyst such as Platinum inside the converter. Indeed, there are more possible solutions to solve the problem. Expanding the rail network or using public transports instead of private cars can also improve the air quality because the amount of cars used can be reduced and the emission of pollutants from cars can also be diminished. The usage of environment-friendly cars are also effective due to the use of electricity instead of hydrocarbons to provide fuels for motion, but these types of cars have a higher cost and inconvenient for charging the batteries frequently. Moreover, planting trees not only can help absorbing the excess carbon dioxide emitted from power stations or vehicles, this method can also help regulating the temperature because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which can cause global warming. To conclude, all people should have the responsibilities to take part in improving the air quality. The statutory ban is not sufficient to improve the air quality, so other methods which have mentioned before should be introduced. If people in Hong Kong can have more concern about our poor living environment, we are sure that they will contribute for improving it throughout their daily lives. We hope that people can pay more attention to this situation and thus Hong Kongs API can be lowered

Drug testing in the work place essays

Drug testing in the work place essays In almost every career job, before a new employee is hired, drug testing is administered. However many jobs stop at that point; not believing, or choosing to ignore the fact that employees may be using drugs. Random drug testing in the work place is a good practice. Although people complain that it is a violation of privacy, companies have a business to run and dont need the responsibility or the hassle of a drug addicted employee. Drugs change behavior and limit the ability to accurately complete tasks. There is also evidence that drug dependant employees use more sick leave and medical benefits than other employees. This is a cost to the employer in many different aspects. They have to pay out for medical expenses of the employee and sick absences can mean less or inadequate production for that day. No matter what the job calls for, whether its flipping burgers or working in a factory, missing people cause the company to work harder to make up for the addict whos absent. Poor judgment and impaired motor functions mean an accident-prone employee. Operating a complex piece of machinery while impaired by drugs poses serious risks to others. Would anyone want to get into a plane if they knew that their pilot had just done a hit of Acid? Acid is a hallucinogen and no one would want to fly in a plane if the pilot was seeing mountains that moved in front of the plane wherever it went . . . but really werent there. That would be a scary ride! Airline pilots, air traffic controllers, train operators, taxi drivers and bus drivers are only a few examples of occupations where even the slightest bit of drug use could be life threatening for all those involved. Factory workers are not an exception. There are huge machines in a factory that when operated by an impaired employee, could cause the loss of a limb, or even the loss of a life. An employee, who is addicted to drugs, may not be able to support...

Mental Illnesses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mental Illnesses - Essay Example The result of this is that there been a decrease in the statistics of mental health cases in this nation and statistics show that lower figures are expected in future. The changes that have occurred in service provision for, and societal attitudes towards the mentally ill in Australia have been positive developments. These advances are reflected in the improved statistics for mental health in the country. Â  According to the statistics provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013), about 20% of the Australian citizens between the age of 16 and 85 were suffering from some form of mental illness. This great proportion of the population having mental illness sent an alarm to the government triggering them to invest in strategies to react to this problem. Since 1990, the Australian government has consistently increased its budget allocation for mental related problems. As stated by the Medibank (2013) the government spends about $28.6 billion per year on mental health, which is much higher than amount spent on any other form of illness. This was the government strategy to ensure that all mental health cases were treated well in the public service hospitals. It also ensured that these services are available for all the citizens in the remote locations. Another strategy was the use of government policies to regulate the discrimination and stigmatization of people with health disorders. For instance, the government required that any person who suffers from mental illness while in employment should not be isolated.

Change Management and Management Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Change Management and Management Styles - Essay Example Therefore, these scholars suggest that change commences with leadership; thus, organizations should have leaders projecting constructive behaviors. Ajmal, Farooq, Noman and Awan (2013) argue that change is managed by visionary transformers, who are expected to facilitate strategic change that is led by quality. In this case, organizations are focus applying technological advancement in gaining competitive advantage. In order to facilitate these changes, organizations are expected to adaptive towards change, thereby coping with potential challenges. On the other hand, these scholars suggest that organizations should convert into learning organization during their first stages in change process. Conventional organizations are transformed into learning organization based on requirement of fundamental in leadership. Therefore, managers are expected to make necessary clarifications of missions of organizations, while helping employees to be innovative in a learning environment. According to Fernandez and Rainey (2006), change is managed through establishment of research that analyzes the interactive effects of factors through application of research designs and methods; in fact, managers applied contingency approach in implementation of change. Furthermore, managers focus on application of multivariate statistical techniques and large-sample data set regarding different levels of organization in various management settings; these scholars suggest that change can be facilitated by immediate research, which can enable refining of general proposition that are used for synthesize of theories, and evaluating competitors propositions. On the other hand, they suggest that managers can confront challenges by analyzing association between the content and process of change. Kelly (2009) presents a case, which is concerned with management tasks and procedures involved in facilitate changing strategies. In this case, this scholar suggests that managers should recognize ways

Private sector bank Essay Example for Free

Private sector bank Essay 1. Difference of recruitment Public sector banks recruit mainly through bank exams and public notices. Private banks, on the other hand, prefer campus placements and referrals. For entry level jobs too, private banks usually go through campus placements. You would seldom find a public notice issued by a private bank for recruitments. 2. Difference of vacancies Public sector banks go by the vacancy rules laid by the government. There is a certain portion of vacancies reserved for OBCs and SC/STs. There are no reservations in private sector banks. The reservations make it harder to find a job in a public sector bank. 3. Difference in growth One of the banes of public sector banks is slow growth. If you get recruited at the entry level in a public sector bank, you would take forever to reach the higher levels. There are certain rules for promotion and salary is fixed according the level you are working at. Promotions in public sector banks are usually not done on merit, but other criteria laid down by the government. On the other hand, growth can be fast and robust in a private sector bank job. In the private sector, you get promotions on merit, and if you are good, sky is the limit for you. 4. Difference in working environment Largely, the working environment of private and public sector banks is the same. However, private sector banks are largely more competitive than the public sector banks, although that situation is changing fast. In a private sector bank, you usually have to meet tough targets, and adhere to the deadlines. You could be working longer hours very often in private sector banks in order to meet your targets and deadlines. The environment is more relaxed in a public sector bank, but that by no means implies you do not have work in the public sector. 5. Difference in pay scale Largely, the pay scale in private and public sector banks is the same. However, according to recent studies done on the field, it has been seen that public sector banks pay more compared to private sector banks, when the working hours are taken into consideration. However, since the growth in public sector banks can be slow, the advantage of higher pay scale is usually negated. As for the question, whether to work in a private sector or a public sector bank, the difference between both the sectors is fast diminishing. If you have a choice, go for a bank that offers opportunities for growth, which could be a public sector bank or a private sector bank too.